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43 Technium Soc. Sci. J. 1 (2023)

handle is hein.journals/techssj43 and id is 1 raw text is: Technium Social Sciences Journal Vol. 43, 1-36, May, 2023 ISSN: 2668-7798 SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL www.techniumscience.com The Institutional Dynamics of Sub-District in Indonesia Sad Dian Utomo1, Irfan Ridwan Maksum2, Teguh Kurniawan' 1',2',3Faculty of Administrative Science, Department of Public Administration, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java saddian01 @gmail.com, irm60@ui.ac.id, teguh.kumiawan@ui.ac.id Abstract. This article examines what factors lead to the institutional dynamics of sub-district in Indonesia. Institutional dynamics are changes due to interaction patterns, values, culture, and people's tastes. In this study, we look at the institutional dynamics of sub-district from two primary causal factors: endogenous and exogenous. The findings conclude that endogenous factors consist of the sub-district human resources, budget, and creativity/innovation of the sub- district head. In comparison, exogenous factors consist of national policies related to sub- districts; the role of the sub-district supervisor; regent/mayor commitment; public perception; information technology; and area characteristics (rural and urban). Based on these institutional dynamics, it is necessary to reposition sub-district institutions by developing sub-district institutional models for rural areas, urban areas, and a hybrid of both. Keywords. sub-district, institutional dynamics, local government, decentralization, coordination, community empowerment, and governance Introduction For more than four decades, the Government of Indonesia has adopted a decentralization policy that has led to variations in the subdistricts' position and authority. The sub-district is Indonesia's lowest local government level, under the province and regency/city. As the world's fourth-biggest country, Indonesia has the world's largest land archipelago and witnessed tremendous economic expansion in the 1980s and 1990s, making it one of the newly industrialized nations. Indonesia is a member of the G-20 due to its rising GDP and presided over the organization in 2022. Due to the financial and political problems of 1999, Indonesia transitioned from an authoritarian and centralized nation to a decentralized democracy. This year, a period known as the Reformation Era began; the Government of Indonesia issued the Local Government Law (number 22 of 1999), which changed the entire structure and status of sub-districts, specifically as the working area of sub-district heads in the context of decentralization. Previously, the sub-district head was the central government apparatus as a part of deconcentration. The Local Government Law of 1999 was later amended by Law No. 32 of 2004 and revised by Law No. 23 of 2014, which clarifies the purpose of forming sub- districts, namely to improve government coordination, public services, and the empowerment of village and urban village communities. Sub-district heads (known as camat) are also 1

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