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13 State Crime J. 4 (2024)

handle is hein.journals/stecrjl13 and id is 1 raw text is: OPERATION GUKURAHUNDI: A POLICY OF GENOCIDAL RAPE AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ZIMBABWE, 1983-1984 Hazel Cameron Submission date: 14 April 2023; Acceptance date: 9 June 2023; Publication date: 28 July 2023 Copyright: © 2024, Hazel Cameron. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms ofthe Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY) 4.0 https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's historic judgment in the Akayesu Judgment established that rape and other forms of sexual violence can be an actus reus of genocide as defined by the United Nations Convention on Geno- cide Article II. The AkayesuJudgment therefore provides a logical framework to analyze a hidden episode of extreme post-colonial state violence in the newly independent Zimbabwe, namely a state policy of mass atrocities in Matabeleland and parts of the Midlands, targeting the minority Ndebele ethnic group during Operation Gukurahundi. The specific foci of this study are the patterns of mass rape and sexual violence in the military operation between 1983 and 1984 in Matabeleland. Drawing on 36 in-depth interviews with survivors from throughout Matabeleland, this study provides a critical new lens on Operation Gukurahundi through its identification of uniform systematic patterns of rape and other forms of sexual violence across Matabeleland. The article concludes that the patterns of rape and other forms of sexual violence identified in this study are indicative of a state policy of systematic genocidal rape between 1983 and 1984, deployed with the intent and effect to destroy, in part, a specific ethnic group, namely the minority Ndebele of Zimbabwe, thereby fulfilling every condition of the Genocide Convention principles of genocide. Keywords: state crime; genocide; rape; sexual violence; Zimbabwe; Gukurahundi. Director, Pearl International Insights Research Centre; Honorary Senior Research Fellow, University of Stirling. STATE CRIME 13.1 2024 DOI:10.13169/statecrime.13.1.0004

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