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27 Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 1 (2023-2024)

handle is hein.journals/stantlr27 and id is 1 raw text is: Decoding U.S. Tort Liability in
Healthcare's Black-Box Al Era:
Lessons from the European Union
Mindy Duffourc* & Sara Gerke**
27 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 1(2024)
ABSTRACT
The rapid development of sophisticated artificial intelligence (Al) tools in
healthcare presents new possibilities for improving medical treatment and
general health. Currently, such Al tools can perform a wide range of health-
related tasks, from specialized autonomous systems that diagnose diabetic
retinopathy to general-use generative models like ChatGPT that answer users'
health-related questions. On the other hand, significant liability concerns arise
Assistant Professor of Law, (Maastricht) Law and Tech Lab, Maastricht European Private
Law Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Research Team Member,
Validating Al in Classifying Cancer in Real-Time Surgery (CLASSICA), European Union (Grant
Agreement no. 101057321), Penn State Dickinson Law, Carlisle, PA, USA.
Assistant Professor of Law, Penn State Dickinson Law, Carlisle, PA, USA; Co-Principal
Investigator, WP8 (Legal, Ethical & Liability), Validating Al in Classifying Cancer in Real-Time
Surgery (CLASSICA), European Union (Grant Agreement no. 101057321); Co-Principal
Investigator, WP4 (Addressing Ethical/Legal Concerns), Optimizing Colorectal Cancer
Prevention through Personalized Treatment with Artificial Intelligence (OperA), European
Union (Grant Agreement no. 101057099); Multiple Principal Investigator, Bioethical, Legal,
and Anthropological Study of Technologies (BLAST), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
and Bioengineering (NIBIB) and the National Institutes of Health Office of the Director (NIH
OD) (Grant Agreement no. 1R21EB035474-01); Co-Investigator (Supplemental Project),
PREMIERE: A PREdictive Model Index and Exchange Repository, NIBIB and NIH OD (Grant
Agreement no. 3R01EB027650-03S1); Co-Investigator, Penn State TCORS: Tobacco Product
Composition Effects on Toxicity and Addiction, National Institute on Drug Abuse
(NIDA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Grant Agreement no. 1U54DA058271-01).
This Article was selected for the AALS Section on Law, Medicine and Health Care's New
Voices in Law, Medicine and Health Care Program at the 2024 AALS Annual Meeting. This
Article greatly benefited from feedback from participants at the Texas A&M University
School of Law's Annual Health Law Conference, the Regulation and Innovation in the
Biosciences (RIBS) Workshop, and the AALS Annual Meeting. For helpful comments and
conversations, we would like to thank Valarie Blake, Anjali Deshmukh, Wendy Netter Epstein,
George Horvath, Nicole Huberfeld, Ryan Knox, Craig Konnoth, Matthew Lawrence, Myrisha
S. Lewis, Brendan Maher, Elizabeth McCuskey, Govind Persad, Jessica Roberts, Christopher
Robertson, David A. Simon, Michael Sinha, Charlotte Tschider, Allison Whelan, and Carleen
Zubrzycki. We thank Kaci McNeave and Robin Platte for excellent research assistance. All
errors are our own.

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