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36 Policing: Int'l J. Police Strat. & Mgmt. 6 (2013)

handle is hein.journals/polic36 and id is 1 raw text is: The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at 0F www.emeraldinsight.com/1363-951X.htm PIJPSM 36,1 6 Received 29 June 2011 Revised 8 November 2011 Accepted 16 December 2011 I Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management Vol. 36 No. 1, 2013 pp. 6-26 C Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1363-951X DOI 10.1108/13639511311302452 The distribution of water-monitoring organizations across states Implications for community environmental policing and social justice Michael J. Lynch Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA, and Paul B. Stretesky School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA Abstract Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to draw upon concepts in community-oriented policing in order to explore the distribution of citizen water-monitoring organizations and their role in community environmental policing, in order to address the issue of environmental justice. The empirical portion of the analysis examines the distribution of these organizations across states, and the relationship of this distribution to social inequity. Design/methodology/approach - This study design is cross-sectional in nature and examines the distribution and density of 1,308 citizen water-monitoring organizations across states. Ordinary least squares regression is used to examine the relationship between the density and social disadvantage while controlling for environmental enforcement patterns, rates of non-compliance, water quality, region of the country, water area, and coastal states. Findings - Race and ethnicity are negatively correlated with the density of water-monitoring organizations across states. Median household income is positively correlated with water- monitoring organizations across states. Practical implications - This paper suggests that community environmental policing is a response to ecological disorganization. More specifically, in the case of citizen-led water-monitoring organizations it is critical that states with relatively large proportions of low income, black and Hispanic residents help provide resources to encourage the development of these community groups. Originality/value - This paper is the first to draw upon the ideas found in the community-oriented policing literature to examine water-monitoring organizations. While the literature suggests that collaborative efforts between state law enforcement agencies and water-monitoring organizations may help combat ecological disorganization, it is also the first study to suggest that environmental injustice could be an unintended drawback of community environmental policing. Keywords United States of America, Water supply, Community policing, Police strategies, Water-monitoring organizations, Environmental justice, Environmental crime, Environmental governance, Community oriented policing, Community environmental policing Paper type Research paper Introduction The practice and theory of community policing has attracted significant criminological attention as a mechanism for reducing crime and enhancing community satisfaction with police. The idea that citizens can act as important adjuncts in the enforcement of laws and regulations has also influenced the growth of community participation in environmental policing. As Gowrie (2004, p. 598) notes, however, community policing pays little attention to environmental pollution. Moreover, while community-oriented

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