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29 Liverpool L. Rev. 1 (2008)

handle is hein.journals/lvplr29 and id is 1 raw text is: Liverpool Law Rev (2008) 29:1-17 DOI 10.1007/s10991-008-9033-x Criminal Law and the Routine Activity of 'Hate Crime' Paul Iganski Published online: 2 August 2008 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract If our knowledge about so called 'hate crime' was confined to what we read in the national newspapers or see on the television news then the impression that we would be most likely left with is that hate crime offenders are out-and-out bigots, hate-fuelled individuals who subscribe to racist, homophobic, and other bigoted views who, in exercising their extreme hatred target their victims in pre- meditated violent attacks. Whilst many such attacks have occurred, the data on incidents, albeit limited, suggests instead that they are commonly committed by 'ordinary' people in the context of their 'everyday' lives. Considering the everyday circumstances in which incidents occur, this paper argues that by imposing penalty enhancement for 'hate crime' the criminal law assumes a significant symbolic role as a cue against transgression on the part of potential offenders. Keywords Hate crime - Routine activities - Criminal deterrence Introduction: From Extreme to Everyday 'Hate Crime' Even though the term 'hate crime' has been enthusiastically embraced by the police and other criminal justice agents in the UK it is a rather slippery concept. Varying interpretations have been provided in the scholarly and policy literature, but they do have one thing in common: curiously the word 'hate' infrequently makes an appearance. Terms such as 'bias', 'prejudice', 'difference' and 'hostility' feature prominently instead. The term 'hate crime' has no legal status in the United A more extended discussion of the analysis presented in this paper is published in P. Iganski (2008) Hate Crime and the City, Bristol: Policy Press. P. Iganski (E) Department of Applied Social Science, Lancaster University, Bowland North, Lancaster LAl 4YT, UK e-mail: p.iganski@lancaster.ac.uk I_ Springer

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