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22 Legal & Criminological Psych. 1 (2017)

handle is hein.journals/legadclpy22 and id is 1 raw text is: The British Legal and Criminological Psychology (2017), 22, 1-21 Psychological Society © 2015 The British Psychological Society www.wileyonlinelibrary.com A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta- analysis Aldert Vrij'*, Ronald P. Fisher2 and Hartmut Blank' 'University of Portsmouth, UK 2Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA Introduction. This article provides a meta-analysis of a new, cognitive approach to (non-)verbal lie detection. This cognitive lie detection approach consists of three techniques: (I) imposing cognitive load, (2) encouraging interviewees to say more, and (3) asking unexpected questions. Method. A meta-analysis was carried out on studies using the cognitive approach, 14 of which directly compared the cognitive approach to a standard approach. Results. The cognitive lie detection approach produced superior accuracy results in truth detection (67%), lie detection (67%), and total detection (truth and lie detection combined, 71%) compared to a traditional standard approach (truth detection: 57%; lie detection: 47%; total detection: 56%). Conclusions. Practitioners may find it useful to use a cognitive lie detection approach in their daily practice. This article provides a meta-analysis of a new, cognitive approach to (non-)verbal lie detection. The starting point of this approach is Zuckerman, DePaulo, and Rosenthal's (1981) early observation that lying can be more mentally taxing than telling the truth. The new aspect is that investigators can magnify the difference in cognitive load that liars and truth tellers experience through specific interventions. The interviewing techniques discussed in this article focus on lie detection through observing someone's behaviour or listening to someone's speech when no other relevant background information is available. Such veracity judgements are frequently made and result in low accuracy rates (54% on average according to Bond & DePaulo, 2006; meta-analysis). For verbal lie detection when background information is available, see the strategic use of evidence technique (Granhag & Hartwig, 2008, 2015; Hartwig, Granhag, & Luke, 2014). Reviews of the cognitive lie detection approach have been published before (Vrij, 2014, 2015; Vrij & Granhag, 2012; Vrij, Granhag, Mann, & Leal, 2011; Vrij, Granhag, & Porter, 2010; Vrij, Leal, Mann, Vernham, & Brankaert, 2015). The main difference between this article and the previous articles is that this article expands the literature by reporting a meta-analysis examining whether the cognitive lie detection approach facilitates lie detection. The focus of this article is entirely on the meta-analysis. Elsewhere, we describe in detail 'theories about lying and cognition' (Vrij, 2014), why and when liars experience more cognitive load than truth tellers in interview settings (Vrij, 2015), and *Correspondence should be addressed to Aldert Vrij, Psychology Department, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth P0/ 2DY, UK (email: aldert.vrij@port.ac.uk). DOI:10.l I/I l/crp.12088

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