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16 Legal & Criminological Psych. 1 (2011)

handle is hein.journals/legadclpy16 and id is 1 raw text is: The British Legal and Criminological Psychology (2011), 16, 1-23 Psychological © 2010 The British Psychological Society Sciety www.wileyonlinelibrary.com The impact of nonprogrammatic factors on criminal-justice interventions D. A. Andrews Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Purpose. Palmer (1995) drew attention to a distinction between 'programmatic' and 'non-programmatic' aspects of criminal justice interventions. While a considerable amount of research has accumulated on the former, the latter by comparison remains under-researched. Nevertheless some advances have been made and the present article identifies the key components of this. Methods. Following analysis of the concepts forwarded by Palmer, a methodical comparison is made between his findings on programmatic elements and those of two other major groups of meta-analytic findings from this area. This provides further opportunity for testing of the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) model and an evaluation is offered of its current status in synthesizing relevant knowledge. A parallel set of comparisons is then drawn with respect to non-programmatic factors and the paper considers the level of agreement between separate reviews of that knowledge base. This directs attention to a number of instances of intervention 'failure' which can be explained by insufficient attention to non-programmatic issues. Results. There is a generally high level of agreement between the three sets of data surveyed. There is not a complete consensus however, caused not by disagreement between data sets but by gaps in the types and range of evidence assembled. There are larger gaps remaining on non-programmatic factors and the nature and extent of those is described. There is also discussion of some objections and proposed alternatives to RNR, and to some conceptual confusions arising from them. Conclusions. The present state of knowledge on criminal justice interventions is a 'work in progress' but nevertheless can provide firm guidance on the design of such interventions, highlighting areas in which much further work is needed. The work of Ted Palmer (1995) on the programmatic and nonprogrammatic aspects of successful justice and correctional interventions was a standard in the mid-1990s It is with very great sadness that we report the death of Don Andrews on 22nd October 2010, while this article was in the course of production. Don was Professor Emeritus and Distinguished Research Professor at Carleton University, Ottawa. Throughout an internationally successful academic and research career spanning 35 years, Don was a superb example of the 'scientist-practitioner' in action and was always concerned both with the scientific contribution of his work and with the application of his findings in justice policy. His work has powerfully influenced the shape of criminal justice services in many countries. He was a remarkable man and will be a lasting inspiration to those who work in the area of applying psychology in the criminal justice field. DOI:10. 1348/1355325 10X521485

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