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42 J. Res. Crime & Delinquency 3 (2005)

handle is hein.journals/jrcd42 and id is 1 raw text is: VIOLENT LIVES: A LIFESTYLE MODEL LINKING EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE TO JUVENILE VIOLENT OFFENDING STACEY NOFZIGER DON KURTZ Studies examining the consequences ofiuvenile exposure to violence focus largely on psychological outcomes and often ignore the ways in which exposure is associated with deviant peers and juvenile offending. Using data from the National Survey of Adolescents (NSA), a nationally representative sample ofjuveniles between the ages of 12 and 17, we examine the relationship between various types of exposure to vio- lence and violent offending. Based on Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo's Life- style model of victimization (1978), the authors argue that exposure to violence is indicative of a lifestyle of violence. Such a lifestyle makes juveniles susceptible to vic- timization, witnessing violence, and association with violent peers. The findings dem- onstrate that these indicators of violent lifestyles in turn act as a riskfactorfor violent offending. Keywords: exposure to violence; lifestyle; routine activities Exposure to violence may take many different forms. Public and political attention has predominantly focused on the impact violence in the media may have on juveniles. Although watching violent media may increase juvenile and adult aggressive behaviors (Huesmann et al. 2003), a potentially more important type of exposure is real-life violence-witnessing violence, hav- ing violent friends, or experiencing violent victimization. Children in Amer- ica are at high risk for these forms of exposure to violence, with those in inner cities at greatest risk. Nearly all children and adolescents in inner cities report they have encountered firsthand exposure to violence in their homes or com- munities (Koop and Lundberg 1992; Margolin and Gordis 2000; Purugganan et al. 2000). Such exposure often begins at early ages. Using a sample of in- This project was supported by Grant No. 2002-IJ-CX-0004 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this docu- ment are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Midwest So- ciological Society meetings in April 2003, Chicago, IL. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY, Vol. 42 No. 1, February 2005 3-26 DOI: 10.1177/0022427803262061 D 2005 Sage Publications 3

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