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33 J. Fam. Violence 1 (2018)

handle is hein.journals/jfamv33 and id is 1 raw text is: J Fam Viol (2018) 33:1-16 DOI 10.1007/s10896-017-9937-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Social Ecological Correlates of Family-Level Interpersonal and Environmental Microaggressions Toward Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents Rachel E. Gartner' - Paul R. Sterzing' Published online: 23 August 2017 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 Abstract Microaggressions are associated with mental and behavioral health problems and are common experiences for sexual and gender minority adolescents (SGMA). Little is known about the social ecological correlates of family- level interpersonal and environmental microaggressions for SGMA. Utilizing a national sample of SGMA (N= 1,177), this study (a) identified the frequencies of family-level inter- personal and environmental microaggressions by partici- pant demographics and (b) examined individual-, family-, and structural-level factors associated with interpersonal and environmental microaggressions. Outness to parents, a transgender or genderqueer identity, and higher levels of gender role non-conformity were associated with higher frequencies of interpersonal microaggressions. Higher lev- els of family-level child maltreatment and religiosity were associated with higher frequencies of interpersonal and environmental microaggressions. State-level non-discrimi- nation protections were associated with lower frequencies of environmental microaggressions. Suggestions for increased individual-level support for gender non-binary adolescents as well as family targeted preventive strategies are discussed. Areas for future research are highlighted. Keywords Sexual minority - Gender minority- Adolescence - Family violence - Microaggressions Minority stress Rachel E. Gartner rachelgart@berkeley.edu School of Social Welfare, University of California, 120 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7400, USA Microaggressions are defined as interpersonal or environ- mental indignities that intentionally or unintentionally com- municate slights or insults to oppressed groups (Sue 2010). Microaggressions are a common experience for sexual (e.g., gay, lesbian, bisexual) and gender (e.g., transgender, gen- derqueer) minority adolescents (SGMA) and often manifest as microassaults (e.g., being called a dyke), microinsults (e.g., being assumed to be promiscuous), and microinvali- dations (e.g., having a romantic partner referred to as a friend). Referred to by Nadal et al. (2011) as death by a thousand cuts, the chronic and cumulative nature of micro- aggressions has been theorized to carry similar negative effects to more overt forms of victimization (Gartner and Sterzing 2016). Seventy-four percent of SGMA experienced interpersonal microaggressions (e.g., being directly called names) in the last school year, with 75% experiencing sex- ual-minority-specific environmental microaggressions (e.g., overhearing gay used in a negative way) and 33% report- ing gender-minority-specific environmental microaggres- sions (e.g., overhearing he/she or tranny) on an often to frequent basis (Kosciw et al. 2014). Consistent with minority stress theory (Meyer 1995, 2003), school-based experiences of microaggressions that target a student's sexual or gender minority identity are associated with a range of negative outcomes, such as psychological distress (Woodford et al. 2014a), attempted suicide (Goldblum et al. 2012), and skip- ping class and truancy (Kosciw et al. 2014). Although a growing body of evidence has identified high rates of overt forms of family violence (e.g., emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and physical abuse) for sexual minor- ity adolescents (SMA; Friedman et al. 2011; Sterzing et al. 2016), little is currently known about family-level homo/ transnegative interpersonal and environmental microag- gressions (referred to as interpersonal microaggressions or environmental microaggressions throughout) experienced I_) Springer CrossMark

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