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40 J. Common Mkt. Stud. 1 (2002)

handle is hein.journals/jcmks40 and id is 1 raw text is: JCMS 2002 Volume 40. Number 1. pp. 1-21 Institutions, Inertia and European Union Research Policy* THOMAS BANCHOFF Georgetown University Abstract Explanations of the failure of integration are a natural preserve of intergovernmen- talism. It is not difficult to blame the failure to integrate on recalcitrant states - and they are in fact often largely responsible. This article examines how European institutions can impede deeper integration. It sets out an analytical framework that distinguishes three pathways of institutional resistance to change, and applies the framework to the case of EU research policy. In the face of American scientific and technological superiority, European leaders have long articulated the goal of better research policy co-ordination. But distinct national research policies persist; no sig- nificant supranational integration has taken place. The institutionalization of EU research policy in the framework programme (FP) - a funding stream for researchers alongside much larger national programmes - is part of the reason. Since the 1980s, increasingly large and complex programmes have absorbed the administrative and political energies of the Commission and generated clienteles attached to the status quo. European institutional legacies, and not simply national interests, have under- cut efforts to create a 'European Research Area' marked by the better co-ordination and integration of national policies. Introduction European Union research policy presents a puzzle. In few areas have the in- ternational pressures for deeper integration been as great. Faced with the sci- entific and technological superiority of the United States, European leaders across the political spectrum have called - since the mid-1960s - for the co- ordination of national efforts to meet the American challenge and compete more effectively internationally. During the post-cold war 1990s, the strate- *The author would like to thank Mitchell P. Smith, the editors, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Centre for European Integration Studies in Bonn supported the research for this article during the 2000-01 academic year. © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA

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