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33 J. Common Mkt. Stud. 1 (1995)

handle is hein.journals/jcmks33 and id is 1 raw text is: Journal of Common Market Studies Volume 33, No. 1 March 1995 European Business in Japan: A Policy Crossroads? SUSAN STRANGE* Department ofPolitics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Abstract Until the EC Commission policy statement of September 1994, few Europeans had given much thought to EC relations with Japan. Susan Strange argues that this neglect is mistaken in view of the persistent unilateralism of US policy towards both Europe and Japan. Even though serious barriers to foreign-owned firms (FOs) remain, it would be a mistake to join the US in multilateralizing gaiatsu (foreign pressure). The historical record shows that the US itself is partly responsible for turning a blind eye to Japanese protection of its home market; and, secondly, that firms and private organizations in contact with reformist Japanese may be more effective in bringing about change. I. Introduction With a few exceptions, European business in Japan has only a modest presence and, generally speaking, a low profile. This is in sharp contrast with the very visible presence of Japanese firms doing business in Europe - the UK especially - and in North America. The figures, rough as they are, are striking. The stock * Research and preparation of this article were supported financially by the Commission of the European Union and by the Japan Foundation. Research assistance by Thomas Bourke (EUI) and Leslie Hoy (Hitotsubashi University) was invaluable, as was the co-operation of many officials and corporate executives in Tokyo. I should also acknowledge the critical comments of an early draft by Jean-Pierre Lehmann, John Richardson, Ryuchi Shoji, Toshiro Tanaka, Toshihiro Horiuchi, and - more especially since they did not agree with my conclusions- William Keller, Louis Pauly and Simon Reich -all members of an expert team on foreign investment in Japan set up by the Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress. o Blackwell Publishers LAd 1995, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

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