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22 Int'l Env't Agreements: Pol. L. & Econs. 1 (2022)

handle is hein.journals/intenve22 and id is 1 raw text is: Int Environ Agreements (2022) 22:1-25 https://doi.org/1 0.1007/si 0784-021-09547-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Understanding international non-state and subnational actors for biodiversity and their possible contributions to the post-2020 CBD global biodiversity framework: insights from six international cooperative initiatives Marcel T. J. Kok' Kathrin Ludwig2 Accepted: 13 August 2021 / Published online: 19 August 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract While multilateral approaches and national policies have been unable to halt the unprec- edented loss of biodiversity, responses from non-state and subnational initiatives are increasing. The successful implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework (GBF), to be agreed upon under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ultimately depends on commitments and action by state and non-state actors, including subnational actors. However, non-state and subnational actors have so far received little attention in academic analysis of global biodiversity governance. In order to better understand and har- ness the potential of non-state and subnational involvement, this paper addresses the ways in which non-state initiatives contribute to global biodiversity governance and how produc- tive linkages can be built between state and non-state actors in the post-2020 GBF. This paper applies an explorative case study approach and analyses six international coopera- tive initiatives (ICIs) that highlight novel approaches in international biodiversity govern- ance. We analyse the qualities of ICIs for biodiversity governance in terms of strengths and potential, the governance functions that they fulfil, and how they are engaging with the CBD and the post-2020 GBF. Based on this analysis, we discuss challenges and opportuni- ties related to non-state and subnational actors involvement in global biodiversity govern- ance and identify possible steps forward. We emphasise the importance of a collabora- tive framework for non-state action within the CBD that builds on existing and emerging activities of non-state actors, organises monitoring and review as part of an accountability framework of state and non-state actors, and provides for learning, capacity building and follow-up action. Keywords Biodiversity - Non-state actors Subnational actors - Transnational governance- Post-2020 global biodiversity framework International cooperative initiatives Convention on biological diversity - CBD E Marcel T. J. Kok marcel.kok@pbl.nl Department of Nature and Rural Areas, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO-box 30314, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, 2594 AV, The Hague, The Netherlands 2 At Time of Research at PBL, Adelphi, Alt-Moabit 91, Berlin, Germany Springer

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