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24 Int'l Migration Rev. 4 (1990)

handle is hein.journals/imgratv24 and id is 1 raw text is: Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 1940 and 1950: The Impact of Geographic Location and Human Capital' Charles Hirschman University of Washington Ellen Percy Kraly Colgate University From the newly released 1940 and 1950 Census PUMS (Public Use Microdata Sample) files, this study analyzes male occupational strati- fication for 35 ethnic populations, defined by race and national origins (foreign birthplace or parental birthplace). While racial and Spanish origin minorities had average occupational statuses (scored by Duncan's Socioeconomic Index) far below that of NWNP (Native White of Native Parentage) men, most European ethnics, especially second generation men, were equal to or only slightly below the majority population in 1940 and 1950. A detailed labor market classi- fication of 266 geographic areas did not prove to be a powerful mediating variable in the process of ethnic occupational stratification. Higher education attainments of northern born black men did not help them escape from low status occupations. The image of the United States as a land of opportunity for immigrants and their children is a staple of popular culture. So, too, is the country's reputation ofhostility and discrimination toward minority groups. Are these two sides of the same coin-depending on whether the observer sees the glass as half-empty or half-full? Has the process of ethnic stratification been qualitatively different for Americans of color who trace their ancestry to I Revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, 3-5 April 1986, San Francisco, CA. This research has been supported by a grant (Immigrants, Minorities, and Their Opportunities: 1940-1950) from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 18486). We thank Luis M. Falcon, Samuel Fridman, and Sharon Mengchee Lee for their significant contribution to the research reported here, and Richard Alba, Barbara Cain, Judah Matras and Ewa Morawska for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. 4 IMR Volume xxiv, No. 1

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