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10 Int'l Migration Rev. 3 (1976)

handle is hein.journals/imgratv10 and id is 1 raw text is: A Schema for Indirect International Migration by Frank A. Barrett* A MIGRATION SYSTEM The earth is a closed system for human migration. Within the system all terrestrial areas of the world have been claimed by political states. Except for boundary disputes the universal exclusiveness of these territo- rial rights means that mankind is divided into political spaces so that one may not migrate to another territory without the receiving-state's consent. Furthermore in numerous countries citizens may not even emigrate without governmental consent. These controls mean that extra-territorial migration is now a tightly-controlled flow. Since migration regulations vary in time and space the migration flow is often indirect i.e., migrants may move to countries of second or third choice because the country of their first choice rejects their application. Indirect migration also occurs when an immigrant is dissatisfied with his choice and moves again. Migration models such as Lee's and Mangalam's do not focus on this type of occurrence (1966; 1970). Zelinsky has hypothesized that there is a mobility transition which parallels the demographic transition (1971). As a result of modernization man becomes increasingly more mobile. A consequence of this is that mobility becomes more complex as the combinations and permutations of movements between countries in- creases. If migration is thought of as a closed system delimited by the parameters of the earth then the following diagram provides a framework (Figure 1). Migration terminology is relative. Whether the migrant is an immigrant or an emigrant depends on the spatial focus of the observer. But in absolute terms the country of birth is a permanent reference point for all future movements. Also when the 'prime' country i.e., the receiving country that the study focuses upon, is identified then two reference points are established. The bulk of contemporary immigration is direct from the country of birth to the 'prime focus receiving country.' Migrants whose aspirations are not satisfied and decide to return to their home country can be classified as direct re-migration. Such a return forms an inner loop system within the larger system. For the purposes of this paper *Frank A. Barrett, Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto. 3

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