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1 APTO [1] (1957)

handle is hein.journals/ijotcc1 and id is 1 raw text is: OUR JOURNAL TO PUBLISH ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS The AP'TO Journal will be an organ of opinion. It will appear bi-monthly. Contibutions may be contro- versiel, out of step with current trends or our obvious editorial preferences. le want original thinking or descriptions of experiences that will stimulate new ideas. An article may be for or against psychiatric treatment; it may illustrate a special technique or service; it may be a commentary on the community or a brief discussion of a particular facet of crime and delinquency. We are seeking, in effect, articles in miniature, from 400 to 600 words in length. One will have to achieve this with an almost superhuman restraint and the cutting out of pet phrases. The result should be a forthright statement of the author's views. The AP'1O Journal is called into being by the fact that though we are spending fantastic sums and exerting enormous efforts in combatting crime, criminal statis- tics are steadily mounting. We are losing the fight against crime and we want to know why. We want the opinions of informed responsible persons why all our measures are not being effective. We are losing ground in spite of the fact that mostof the battles for enlightenment of forty years ago have been won. Psychiatry is deeply entrenched in our social system. Education is universal and progressive principles continued an peag 4 Melitta Schmideberg, M.D. TREATING THE SERIOUS OFFENDER Serious offenders are fundamentally uncooperative, unwilling and reluctant to change. In his introduction to Aichom's book WAYWARID YOU'Til Freud himself, and others that followed, insisted that a therapeutic method for the difficult patient must differ fundamentally from that employed with law-abiding ones. The primary aim of treating serious offenders is to socialize them. Itherefore, in addition to the work in the consultation room, the therapist must evaluate the en- vironment and life situation of the patient and forge into tools of treatment as many elements in them as he can. lie does this by organizing, coordinating, and allocating different and sometimes contrasting roles to these ele- ments. lie utilizes for this purpose what he already finds in the environment, and he attempts to fill in any ele- ments that are lacking. Elements in the environment mnd life situation of the airnt, tien, become what we migit cdll art rparrnrs of , the Iterapist griliig and mini ipularini it -r i he -- coninued on poge 3 Edward Glover, M.D. PSYCHOANALYSIS & CRIMINOLOGY In taking up the question of psychoanalytic trestmeat, it must be remembered that we speak of pure psychosaly- si, by which is meant the classical Freudian technique built up on the experience of psychoneuroaes andetiologil cally equivalent disorders, e.g. some sexual inhibitions. In the first place the general conclusion may be stated that if psychoanal yais were to be applied secundum artess to delin quency, only a few selected caes would ultimate- ly qualify for inclusion in the category of psychoanalytic treatment. No doubt psychoanalytac priasaplea are fre- quently applied in general psychotherapy, but that does not necessarily constitute a psychoanalysis, nor should it be described as auch. I have rarely come across true completed psychoanalysis in criminology. There is no doubt that in the more serious cases of delinquency occurringafterthe latency period, the peculiar nature of the transference and the conditions under which the analysis must be carried out with true criminal psycho- Paths, organized criminals, recidivists, and institutional- ized criminals necessitate modifications in the classical Freudian technique which most certainly prejudice the 'pure' analytic status of the treatment. This fact has one important consequence, viz., that as analysis is rarely brought to completion in cases of delinquency, psycho- analytic researches on delinquency are rarely completed, or indeed very illuminating, certainly as regards the pathological process. I need hardly quote here the throughly deserved strictures passed by the ortho-psychochiatrist and crimin- ologist Ben Ka man (1) on the abscence of organized work on criminology on the part of psycholoanalyst., a criticism which has been very temperately expressed by Carroll (2) when he describes many psychoanalytic case studies of delinquency as partial reports of an intriguing case encountered in the course of preoccupying practice. From my own editorial experience I would have said that in Britain for one clinical paper offered on delinquency there are at least twenty written by social, educational and general psychologists; and, at that, the clinical paper is usually the work of a nonanalytical psychiatrist using frequently psychanalytical concepts of the most dilute variety. The truth is that psychoanalysis has ac uired much more resti e in criminology than is jtified by the amount of actual work it has done in the ield. Apart from a few pioneering studies and some frag- mentary records mostly of non-criminal cases its influence is largely indirect, through the percolation to the field of delinquency of some metapsychological generalizations on infantile development, unconscious mechanisms and institutions, unconsciously motivated behavior. In sum, the uses of psychoanalysis in research and in methods of prevention far outweigh its uses in pure form as a method of treating pathological delinquency. - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - (1) Kurpman, B. Proceedings of the 2nd Contress, In- ternational Association of Criminology.' (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950, p. 73) (2) Carroll, 1). Ord., p. 215. Digitized from Best Copy Available

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