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23 Gonz. J. Int'l L. 1 (2019-2020)

handle is hein.journals/gjil23 and id is 1 raw text is: CONNECTIVITY: THE GLOBAL GENDER DIGITAL DIVIDE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUALITY Mary Pat Treuthart* I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................2 II. BENEFITS OF WOMEN'S MEANINGFUL AND SUBSTANTIAL ACCESS TO ICTS ....................................................................................................5 A. Economic and Educational Empowerment .................................5 B. Political Participation and M obilization.....................................9 C. Development of Voice and Agency ............................................12 III. BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S ACCESS TO ICTS.............................................14 IV. THE SPECIAL PROBLEM OF CYBERVIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN & GIRLS ...........................................................................................................16 A. Terminology and Definitions .....................................................17 B. The Extent of Cyberviolence......................................................20 C. Addressing the Ongoing Threat of CyberVAWG.......................21 D. Other Approaches: Forms of Informal Justice..........................25 E. Possible Backlash ......................................................................27 F. Countering Violence against Women by Using ICTs ................29 V. INTERNET ACCESS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ...........32 A. Internet Access as a Basic Human Right...................................32 B. Protection of Relevant Fundamental Human Rights in the International System..................................................................36 C. Protection for Relevant Fundamental Human Rights at the Regional and Domestic Levels ..................................................38 D. Women's Equality: The Human Rights Dimension ...................40 E. Women's Equality and ICTs: The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPFA) ...............................................42 F. Women's Equality and ICTs: Circumscribed by Sociocultural Factors.......................................................................................43 G. Women's Equality and ICTs: the U.N.'s Involvement...........44 VI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS ..............................................................................50 VII. CONCLUSION .........................................................................................53 1

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