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13 Eur. J. Criminology 3 (2016)

handle is hein.journals/eujcrim13 and id is 1 raw text is: European Article Criminology European journal of Criminology 2016, Vol. 13(1) 3-28 Fem ale desistance: A review @ The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: of the literature sagepub.co.ul/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1477370815597251 euc.sagepub.corn OSAGE Elanie Rodermond VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, The Netherlands Candace Kruttschnitt University of Toronto, Canada Anne-Marie Slotboom VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Catrien CJH Bijieveld Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract To examine whether, and if so how, male-based theories of desistance also apply to female offenders, this article reviews 44 studies on female desistance. Where available, gender differences in desistance are considered. Having children and supportive relationships is found to be important for females, in addition to economic independence, the absence of drugs and individual agency. Gender differences are found for the influence of children, supportive relationships, employment and the absence of criminal peers. This review shows that male-based theories of desistance seem applicable to females as well. Furthermore, results underscore the importance of considering how individual and social factors interact during the process of desistance. Implications for future research and for strategies for promoting desistance are discussed. Keywords Desistance, females, gender differences, recidivism, re-entry Introduction Along with the recognition that the vast majority of criminal offenders eventually stop committing crimes, several theoretical insights regarding desistance from crime have Corresponding author: Elanie Rodermond, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Email: e.rodermond@vu.nl

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