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44 Envtl. L. [i] (2014)

handle is hein.journals/envlnw44 and id is 1 raw text is: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Lewis & Clark Law School
VOLUME 44                  WINTER 2014                  NUMBER 1
ARTICLES
Turning the World Upside Down: How Frames of Reference Shape
E nvironm ental  Law   .............................................................................
James Salzman and Martin Doyle
Models and representations help us understand complex
phenomena. The Mercator map presents a familiar, two-
dimensional view of our three-dimensional world, for example,
but it can distort as much as it clarifies. In the natural sciences,
too, there are very different ways of framing reality. The classic
method developed by Leonard Euler measures a system from a
fixed point. A competing method developed by Joseph Louis
Lagrange measures from the perspective of a particle moving
within the system. These Eulerian and Lagrangian methods of
measurement dominate the physical sciences and provide
different, though equally valid, measures of how the system
operates. This Article explores how our frame of reference
shapes our understanding and application of environmental
law. Using examples from the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act,
and other statutes, we argue that environmental law is just as
sensitive to Eulerian and Lagrangian frames of reference as
fluid mechanics or cartography, and that this predetermines
how we conceive of environmental problems and solutions far
more than we realize. Understanding the implicit but
fundamental importance of frames of reference can help
explain emerging challenges such as water pollution from
fracking, air pollution hot spots, and epigenetic sensitivities to
pollution.
Presidential Authority over EPA Rulemaking Under the Clean Air
A ct  ...................................................................................................... .  3 1
ChristopherD. Ahlers
Recent efforts to revise the national ambient air quality standards
for ozone have revived the longstanding tension between the EPA
Administrator and the President with respect to rulemaking

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