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10 Crime Sci. 1 (2021)

handle is hein.journals/crimsci10 and id is 1 raw text is: Del pech et a. Crime Sci (2021) 10:1 https-//doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00138-1 Crime Science Systematic review of situational prevention methods for crime against species Dorothea Delpech , Herve Borrion and Shane Johnson Abstract Illegal activities concerning terrestrial species (TS) are responsible for a variety of health, environmental, economic and security issues. The majority of academic research associated with species relates to conservation, with few publications specihcally investigating the scale of crimes impacting species or how they can be prevented. This article systematically reviews the available evidence about what works to prevent crime against terrestrial species. Of over 29,000 documents that were returned in the first stage of the review, these were fhltered to just over 100. The remain- ing documents were partially or fully read to identify the most relevant documents to include in the final qualitative synthesis. The review results show there is a signifcant lack of primary research in this area, as only five articles were found that met the study inclusion criteria.The identifed articles focus on the effects of two types of situational crime prevention interventions: community outreach and ranger patrol frequency. Community outreach was shown to have a signifcant impact on local poaching levels, while for patrolling the evidence suggests a positive impact on the dis- covery of poachers, animal carcasses and poaching paraphernalia, however, the quality of these studies varied greatly. To prevent the further decline of species numbers internationally, more effort should be invested in publicising exist- ing research into the effectiveness of prevention strategies that have not reached the wider scientifc audience, as well as the funding and promotion of research into alternate methods of crime prevention. Keywords: Livestock, Wildlife, Crime, Poaching, Systematic Review, Patrols, Community Outreach Background The illicit exploitation of flora and fauna has a variety of negative impacts internationally including threats to health security (e.g. disease spreading, improper prepara- tion of meat), national security (e.g. terrorism financing through illicit trade in species), environmental security (e.g. animal population decline and possible extinctions) and the economy (e.g. costs associated to the damage and removal of natural capital). In addition to the anthro- pocentric impacts described above, there is an increas- ing acknowledgement in the scientific literature and law of the direct impact of crimes on the species as sentient beings that can feel pain and suffering (Nurse 2016; Sol- lund 2016; Blattner 2019). *Crrespondence: dotdelpech@gmalcom Department of Securty & Crime Scence, University College London (UCL), 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1 H 9EZ, UK BMC In 2014, the illicit trade in wild flora and fauna was esti- mated to be worth US$7-23 billion internationally, in combination with other forms of environmental crime (Nellemann et al. 2014). However, the 'dark figure' of wildlife crime (i.e. unreported/undetected offenses), and difficulty in attributing a 'value' to natural capital, makes accurately estimating the total global costs of such crimes challenging. A recent publication by the World Bank aimed to account for the financial and economic value of these natural assets. Montero et al. (2019) estimated that when combining the economic and financial values of these resources, the actual cost of the illicit trade in flora and fauna has a global economic value of between US$1 and US$2 trillion per year. Contrary to popular belief, the targets of crime are not limited to exotic and iconic species, such as elephants and tigers, but also include farmed produce including livestock and crops (e.g. livestock theft/rustling, sheep ©The Author(s) 2021 This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http//creativeco mmons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/ zero/.0/ applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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