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6 Comp. Pol. Stud. 3 (1973-1974)

handle is hein.journals/compls6 and id is 1 raw text is: POLITICAL SYSTEMS AS RESIDUAL VARIABLES Explaining Differences Within Systems HENRY TEUNE University of Pennsylvania KRZYSZTOF OSTROWSKI Polish Academy of Sciences The problem of comparative analysis is extracting what is generally true from observations bounded by specific systems. This problem is roughly paralleled in experimental research when several experiments are focused on the same hypotheses (for a discussion of experiments and other research designs, see Campbell and Stanley, 1966). When contradictory findings occur among experiments, it is possible to generate additional experiments and with some probability reject one set of findings. In social science, however, the presumption usually is that all experiments are internally valid and that whatever differences appear in two or more sets of observations are due to differences in the experimental conditions- the social systems in which the observations are made. To establish differences in contexts of the social science experiments, which explain differences within each, requires shifting the level of analysis from the primary objects of observation (individuals or groups) to the experiment itself as a unit of analysis. The logic of such a shift in levels of analysis has been defined elsewhere as the logic of comparative inquiry (Przeworski and Teune, 1970). This problem of comparative research is exemplified in results of AUTHORS' NOTE: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1970 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Los Angeles. Comparative Political Studies, April 1973, Vol. 6 No. 1, 01973 Sage Publications, Inc. 131

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