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44 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 1 (2019)

handle is hein.journals/cjel44 and id is 1 raw text is: Coevolution of Law and Science: A Clean Water Act Case Study Robert W. Adler* I. Introduction. ............................. ......... 2 A. Science and Regulation. ................. ........... 2 B. Competing Models of Science and Regulation . ..........5 II. The Role of Biological Water Quality Criteria (Biocriteria) in the Clean Water Act ..................10 A. The Statutory Background ........................... 10 1. CWA Statutory Objective and Subsidiary Goals ..............11 2. The Qualified Discharge Ban.....................12 B. Water Quality Standards .................. .........15 1. Water Quality Standards Generally. ....... ..........15 2. Forms of Water Quality Standards ..................17 3. Biological Water Quality Criteria (Biocriteria) ............ 18 C. Implementation of Water Quality Standards ............23 III. Biocriteria As a Case Study in the Coevolution of Law and Science ............. . .................... ..... 27 A. Preface: Scientific Knowledge and Regulatory Knowledge ... 28 B. Coevolution of Scientific Knowledge and Regulatory Knowledge in the Biocriteria Program ................ 31 1. Deciding Whether to Authorize or Require Regulatory Action .......... .................. ........... 32 2. Defining Regulatory Goals..................... 36 3. Determining Regulatory Means.................... 41 4. Promoting Scientific and Regulatory Innovation.............47 a. Scientific Innovation ............................... 48 b. Regulatory Innovation ............................. 51 5. Defining (and Redefining) Regulatory Scope and Focus ... 53 * Jefferson B. and Rita E. Fordham Presidential Dean, Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law. This article was funded in part by the Albert and Elaine Borchard Excellence in Teaching and Research Fund. The article was inspired by an invited presentation at a session of the 2018 meeting of the Society for Freshwater Science focusing on biological water quality standards (biocriteria). Michael Hutchings and Brian House provided invaluable research assistance. 1

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