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5 Crime & Delinquency 1 (1959)

handle is hein.journals/cadq5 and id is 1 raw text is: NPPA NATIONAL PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION Journal Volume 5 January 1959 Number 1 Professional Correctional Work and Professional Work in Correction' DONALD R. CRESSEY Chairman, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles O NE of the most significant trends in the occupational structure of our society, a society characterized by an increasing degree of specialization and division of labor, is the move to- ward professionalization of many dif- ferent groups. Tasks formerly per- 1 This paper (adapted from an address given at the Ninth Annual Training Insti- tute for Probation, Parole, and Institutional Staff, August 7-9, 1957, University of Cali- fornia at Berkeley, Calif.) is a general state- ment derived from field research conducted between July, 1955 and September, 1956, when the author was attached to the Center for Education and Research in Corrections, University of Chicago. The results of this research are now being prepared for publica- tion and are being integrated with the results of other studies conducted at the Center from 1953 to 1956. The author is greatly indebted to Lloyd E. Ohlin, Director of the Center, to Donnell M. Pappenfort and Her- man Piven, who were research assistants, and to the Russell Sage Foundation, which financed the Center. formed independently by individual contractors are now being broken down into numerous operations and performed by specialists, each of whom has membership in an association of specialists. And even new occupations which would have been considered crafts had they developed only a few years ago are now in the process of professionalization. The growth of educational facilities and, specifically, the pragmatic emphasis in education which is turning a huge proportion of our high school and college cur- ricula into vocational courses assure a steady supply of recruits for a grow- ing number of white-collar occupa- tions.2 Thus, institutions of higher learning are taking the place of ap- prenticeship systems, and a college de- 2See Theodore Caplow, The Sociology of Work, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1954, pp. 137-138.

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