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   Congressional                                                                           _____
            A   Research Service
                 informing the Iegislative debate since 1914





Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Timeline



Updated June 5, 2019
The trade practices of U.S. trading partners and the U.S. trade deficit are a focus of the Trump
Administration. Citing these and other concerns, the President has imposed tariff increases under three
U.S. laws:
    *   (1) Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Table 1) on U.S. imports of washing machines
        and solar products;
    *   (2) Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Table 2) on U.S. imports of steel
        and aluminum, and potentially motor vehicles and parts, uranium, and titanium sponge;
        and
    *   (3) Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Table 3) on U.S. imports from China.
Congress delegated aspects of its constitutional authority to regulate foreign commerce to the President
through these trade laws. These statutory authorities allow presidential action, based on agency
investigations, to take various actions, including import restrictions to address specific concerns (see text
box). They have been used infrequently in the past two decades, in part due to the 1995 creation of the
World Trade Organization (WTO) and its enforceable dispute settlement system. Prior to this
Administration, U.S. import restrictions were last imposed under these trade laws in 1986 for Section 232,
in 2001 for Section 301, and in 2002 for Section 201. The President has also recently proposed increasing
tariffs on imports from Mexico using authorities delegated by Congress under the International
Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) (Table 4). For information on retaliatory tariffs by U.S.
trading partners, see CRS Insight 1N 10971, Escalating US. Tariffs: Affected Trade.

                   U.S. Laws Related To Trump Administration Trade Actions
  -Se ction 2101  of the Trade Act of I1974-AlIows the President to impose temporary duties and other trade measures if
  the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) determines a surge in imports is a substantial cause or threat of serious injury
  to a U.S. indlustry.
  Sec:ti 2 32 of the Trade Expansion Act of I1962-Allows the President to adjust imports if the Department of
  Commerce finds certain products are imported in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair U'S'
  national security.
  Sction 301 of the Trade Act of I 974-Allows the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to suspend trade
  agreement concessions or impose import restrictions if it determines a U.S. trading partner is violating trade agreement
  commitments or engaging in discriminatory or unreasonable practices that burden or restr-ict U.S. commerce.
     InternatinalEergency Economicr Fowvers Act (IEEPA) of I 977-Allows the President to regulate the
  importation of any property in which any foreign country or a national thereof has any interest if the President declares a
  national emergency to deaf withi an unusual and extraordinary threait, which has its source in whole or substantial part outside
  the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, or- economy of the United States.

                                                                                               IN10943


CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress -

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