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handle is hein.crs/govzxw0001 and id is 1 raw text is: In Congressional Research Service hfIio rg the leg slative debate since 1914 Internet of Things (ToT): An Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated devices that are connected to a network and/or to each other, exchanging data without necessarily requiring human-to-machine interaction. In other words, IoT is a collection of electronic devices that can share information among themselves. Examples include smart factories, smart home devices, medical monitoring devices, wearable fitness trackers, smart city infrastructures, and vehicular telematics. Potential issues for Congress include regulation, digital privacy, and data security as discussed below. loT Characteristics IoT devices are often called smart devices because they have sensors and complex data analysis programs (analytics). IoT devices collect data using sensors and offer services to the user based on the analyses of the data and according to user-defined parameters. For example, a smart refrigerator uses sensors (e.g., cameras) to inventory stored items and can alert the user when items run low based on image recognition analyses. Sophisticated IoT devices can learn by recognizing patterns in user preferences and historical use data. An IoT device can become smarter as its program adjusts to improve its prediction capability so as to enhance user experiences or utility. IoT devices are connected to the internet: directly; through another IoT device; or both. Network connections are used for sharing information and interacting with users. The IoT creates linkages and connections between physical devices by incorporating software applications. IoT devices can enable users to access information or control devices from anywhere using a variety of internet-connected devices. For example, a smart doorbell and lock may allow a user to see and interact with the person at the door and unlock the door from anywhere using a smartphone. loT Categories IoT devices are used in different fields for a broad range of functions. This section describes select IoT categories of frequent congressional interest. Industrial Internet of Things (HoT): The manufacturing industry has begun to adopt commercial IoT applications. Referred to as industrial Internet of Things (IoT), networked machines in a production facility can communicate and share information with a goal of improving efficiency, productivity, and performance. The application of IoT can vary significantly, from detecting corrosion inside a refinery pipe to providing real-time production data. Currently in North America, there are more consumer IoT connections than IoT connections, but this may change in the future. IoT has the potential to transform a variety of industries, including manufacturing, chemicals, food and beverage, automotive, and steel. The incorporation of IoT and analytics is viewed by experts as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or 41R. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): The healthcare field has begun incorporating IoT, creating the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). These devices, such as heart monitors and pace makers, collect and send patient health statistics over various networks to healthcare providers for monitoring, analysis, and remote configuration. In 2018, over 400 million IoMT devices were connected worldwide, according to the market data company Statista. At a personal health level, wearable IoT devices, such as fitness trackers and smart watches, can track a user's physical activities, basic vitals, and sleeping patterns. According to one estimate, over 40 million fitness trackers IoT were in use in the United States in 2017. Smart Cities: IoT devices and systems in utilities, transportation, and infrastructure sectors may be grouped under the category of smart city. Utilities can use IoT to create smart grids and meters for electricity, water, and gas where sensors collect and share customer usage data to enable the central control system to optimize production and distribution to meet demand in real-time. Cities can use transportation IoT for fare readers and status trackers or locaters that interface across all public transportation platforms. Columbus, Ohio's winning proposal for the Department of Transportation's Smart City Challenge of 2016 incorporated connected infrastructure that interacts with vehicles (including electric autonomous vehicles and shuttles) as well as a common payment and trip planning system across multiple transit systems. Smart Homes: Consumer product IoT devices used in homes and buildings are often grouped under the smart home category, including smart appliances, smart TV, smart entertainment systems, smart thermostats, and network-connected light bulbs, outlets, door locks, door bells, and home security systems. These smart-home IoT devices can be connected to a single network and controlled remotely over the internet. loT Revenues The IoT industry is a growing market both in the United States and globally. Statista estimated that there were over 700 million consumer IoT devices in use in 2017 in the United States and the 2018 U.S. IoT retail consumer market was worth almost $4 billion. Figure 1 illustrates global IoT revenue from 2012 to 2018 (except 2016). Statista reported the total global IoT revenue in 2018 was about $93.9 billion. The connected smart cities category was the largest portion of 2018 global IoT revenue (41%). The IoT had the biggest growth in terms of global revenue between 2017 and 2018 among the different categories and accounted for htps://crsreporscorg ressgo S June 4, 2019

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