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1 1 (May 24, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govzvw0001 and id is 1 raw text is: a Congressional _____ * Research Service ~nforming the Ieq snative debate since 1914 Escalating Tariffs: Timeline Updated May 24, 2019 The trade practices of U.S. trading partners and the U.S. trade deficit are a focus of the Trump Administration. Citing these and other concerns, the President has imposed tariffs under three U.S. laws that allow the Administration to take such action: (1) Section 201 (Table 1) on U.S. imports of washing machines and solar products; (2) Section 232 (Table 2) on U.S. imports of steel and aluminum, and potentially autos, uranium, and titanium sponge; and (3) Section 301 (Table 3) on U.S. imports from China. Congress delegated aspects of its constitutional authority to regulate foreign commerce to the President through these trade laws. These statutory authorities allow presidential action, based on agency investigations, to take various actions, including import restrictions to address specific concerns (see text box). They have been used infrequently in the past two decades, in part due to the 1995 creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its enforceable dispute settlement system. Prior to this Administration, U.S. import restrictions were last imposed under these trade laws in 1986 for Section 232, in 2001 for Section 301, and in 2002 for Section 201. For information on retaliatory tariffs by U.S. trading partners, see CRS Insight 1N 10971, Escalating Tariffs: Potential Impacts. U.S. Laws Related To Trump Administration Trade Actions Section 201 of the Trade Act of I974-Allows the Presidentto impose temporary duties and other trade measures if the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) determines a surge in imports is a substantial cause or direat of serious injuty to a U.S. industry. Soctin 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of I 962-Allows the President to adjust imports if the Department of Commerce finds certain products are imported in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair U'S national securRty. Section 3 01 of the Trade Act of I 974-Allows the U nited States Trade Representative (USTR) to suspend trade agreement concessions or impose import restrictions if it determines a U.S. trading partner is violating trade ogreement commitments or- engaging in discriminatory or unreasonoble practices that burden or restr-ict U. S. commerce. Increasing U.S. tariffs or imposing other import restrictions through these laws potentially opens the United States to complaints that it is violating its WTO and free trade agreement (FTA) commitments. Several U.S. trading partners, including China and the European Union, have initiated dispute settlement proceedings and imposed retaliatory tariffs in response. The retaliatory actions also raise questions with regard to their adherence to WTO commitments. Congressional Research Service https://crsreports .congress.gov IN10943 CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

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