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1 1 (February 8, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govxxx0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Cogesoa Reerhdevc Updated February 8, 2019 The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant Introduction The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant was created in the 1996 welfare reform law (the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, P.L. 104-193). That law was the culmination of a series of legislative changes that altered the rules for providing benefits and services to needy families with children. Brief History Public cash assistance to needy families with children has its origin in the early 1900s state and locally financed mother's pension programs that aided single mothers (often widows) so that children could be raised in their own homes rather than institutionalized. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal funding for these programs with the explicit goal to aid mothers so they would not have to work and could stay home to raise their children. Post-1935 changes altered the context in which programs for needy families with children operated. In 1939, survivors' benefits were added to Social Security, providing benefits to widows and their children. The increase in labor force participation among married mothers altered views about whether government should aid single mothers to stay at home. Families with children whose fathers were alive but absent comprised more of the public cash assistance caseload. The caseload also became more nonwhite. Cash assistance to needy families with children became among the most controversial of social programs, particularly beginning in the late 1960s as the cash assistance caseload had its first large increase. Welfare reform was debated across four decades, ultimately leading to the 1996 welfare reform law. The TANF Block Grant The TANF block grant's overall purpose is to increase the flexibility of states to meet four statutory goals: (1) provide assistance to needy families so that children may remain in their homes; (2) reduce dependency of needy parents on government benefits through work, job preparation, and marriage; (3) reduce out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and (4) promote the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. The 1996 welfare reform law and the creation of TANF altered the federal rules that applied to states for their cash assistance programs. It also established a broad-based block grant that provides funds to states to address both the effects and root causes of childhood economic disadvantage. Federal Grants and State Funds TANF provides grants to the 50 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. American Indian tribes may also operate their own TANF programs with federal dollars. The bulk of TANF funding is in a basic block grant of $16.5 billion per year. Every year, each state receives a fixed grant based on how much it received in federal funding in the pre-1996 cash assistance and related programs during the early- and mid-1990s. Tribes also may receive grants based on mid-1990s expenditures. The TANF block grant has not been increased since the enactment of the 1996 welfare law. There has been no adjustment for inflation. During TANF's history, states have at times received TANF funds in addition to the basic block grant. For FY2019, the only additional funding to states for TANF is through the TANF contingency fund. In addition to federal funding, states are required to expend a minimum amount of their own funds on the TANF-related population and TANF-related programs (a total $10.3 billion per year, though some states expend more than the minimum). This amount is also based on historical expenditures in pre-TANF programs and is known as the maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. Use of TANF Funds States may use federal block grant and MOE funds in any manner that is reasonably calculated to achieve TANF's statutory purpose and goals. States have used TANF funds for a wide range of benefits and services. In FY2017, a total of $31.1 billion was spent by states from federal TANF and state MOE funds. TANF assistance, which includes the monthly cash benefits often called welfare, totaled $7.1 billion, which was 23% of total TANF federal and state MOE funds. In addition to assistance, TANF contributes to state funds used for work and training programs, child care, pre-kindergarten programs, programs to provide services to children who have been abused and neglected or are at risk of it, and other services (youth activities, responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage promotion). Figure I. Uses of Federal TANF and State MOE Funds by Category: FY2017 Basic Assistance $7.18 Child Care $5.08 Work, Education and Training $3.3B Refund able Tax &edit $2 SB Pre-K/Head Start $2.58 Total: Child Welfare $2.23 $31.1 Administration $2.28 Billion Emergency and Short-Term Benefits 1.28 Other Services $ Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). https:/crsreports.con, -- -q S

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