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1 1 (November 30, 2023)

handle is hein.crs/govenoy0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional ____ aResearch Service Siting Challenges for Carbon Dioxide (C02) Pipelines Updated November 30, 2023 Carbon dioxide (C02) pipelines are an essential part of carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems, promoted by the Biden Administration and some in Congress to reduce emissions of C02-a greenhouse gas-from power plants and industrial facilities. Approximately 5,000 miles of CO2 pipeline already operate in the United States, primarily linking natural CO2 sources to oil fields for enhanced oil recovery. However, a much larger pipeline network would be needed for CCS to meet national goals for greenhouse gas reduction. Several large CO2 pipeline projects recently have been proposed in the Midwest, but these projects have encountered public opposition and regulatory challenges, including denial of state siting permits. One project has already been cancelled. These development challenges raise questions about the future availability of CO2 pipelines for CCS and the federal role in CO2 pipeline expansion. C02 Pipelines in Development Since 2021, four large CO2 pipeline projects have been proposed in the Midwest which, collectively, would comprise over 4,000 miles of additional CO2 pipeline (Figure 1). Three projects involve building new pipelines and one is a pipeline conversion. States have primary siting jurisdiction for new CO2 pipelines, although federal approvals may be required for specific segments (e.g., across waterways). Summit Carbon Solutions. Announced in February 2021, Summit's project would build 2,000 miles of new CO2 pipeline across Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota to support CCS from ethanol plants. On August 4, 2023, North Dakota regulators denied Summit's permit application, although on September 15, they granted the developer's petition to reconsider. On September 11, 2023, South Dakota denied siting approval to Summit's pipelines in that state, although the developer intends to refile its application. Navigator CO2 Ventures. Announced in March 2021, Navigator's Heartland Greenway project planned to build 1,300 miles of new CO2 pipeline across Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and South Dakota under a similar scheme to that of Summit. South Dakota denied pipeline siting approval on September 6, 2023. Navigator subsequently Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov IN12269 CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

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