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1 1 (February 3, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govegxb0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Servic Infrmring the legislitive debate since 1914 Updated February 3, 2022 Defense Primer: National Security Space Launch _ntroduc_on The National Security Space Launch (NSSL) is a U.S. government program that acquires launch services, aimed at ensuring continued access to space for critical national security missions. The U.S. Air Force oversaw NSSL's predecessor program, the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV), and awarded four companies contracts to design a cost-effective launch vehicle system. The Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition strategy was to select one company to ensure national security space (NSS) launches were affordable and reliable. The EELV effort was prompted by significant increases in launch costs, procurement concerns, and the lack of competition among U.S. companies. Today, the NSSL program's main priority is mission success. A RAND study released April 2020 identified a magnitude of risk associated with assured access to space. As Congress continues its oversight of NSSL, it may consider examining DOD's plan on the prioritization of the launch-related risks to ensure continued access to space and 100% mission success. A major concern in Congress and elsewhere over U.S. reliance on a Russian rocket engine (RD-180), used on one of the primary national security rockets for critical national security space launches, was exacerbated by the Russian backlash over the 2014 U.S. sanctions against its actions in Ukraine. Congress enacted laws limiting the number of Russian RD-180 rocket engines authorized to be used to a total of 18 rocket engines, beginning with the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 and ending on December 31, 2022. Moreover, significant overall NSSL program cost increases and unresolved questions over individual launch costs, along with legal challenges to the Air Force contract awards by space launch companies, prompted legislative action. In the John S. McCain NDAA for Fiscal Year 2019, Congress renamed the EELV to the NSSL program to reflect a wider mission that would consider both reusable and expendable launch vehicles. The Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC), together with the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), released a request for proposals in May 2019 to award two domestic launch service contracts. On August 7, 2020, the U.S. Space Force competitively awarded two Firm-Fixed-Price, Indefinite Deliver Requirement contracts to United Launch Alliance (ULA) and Space Exploration Technologies Corporations (SpaceX) for Phase 2 of the NSSL program. These two companies share the responsibility for launching U.S. military and intelligence satellites through 2027. ULA was awarded approximately 60% of the launch services orders, similarly SpaceX 40%. NSS launch has been a leading legislative priority in the defense bills over the past few years, and with the increasing number of commercial launch providers and more competition, it will likely continue to be a legislative priority. Background The origins of the NSSL program date back to 1995, after years of concerns within the Air Force and space launch community over increasing cost and decreasing confidence in the continued reliability of national access to space. The purpose of EELV was to provide the United States affordable, reliable, and assured access to space with two families of space launch vehicles. Initially only two companies competed: Boeing produced the Delta IV launch vehicle, and Lockheed Martin developed the Atlas V. Overall, the program provided critical space lift capability to support DOD and intelligence community satellites, together known as NSS missions. The EELV program evolved modestly in response to changing circumstances, and the Air Force approved an EELV acquisition strategy in November 2011, revising it in 2013. That strategy was designed to (1) sustain two major independent rocket-powered launch vehicle families to reduce the chance of launch interruptions and to ensure reliable access to space; (2) license and stockpile the Russian-made RD-180 heavy-lift rocket engine, a critical component of the Atlas V; (3) pursue a block-buy commitment to a number of launches through the end of the decade to reduce launch costs; and (4) increase competition to reduce overall launch costs. The Air Force and others viewed the overall EELV acquisition strategy as having successfully reduced launch costs while demonstrating highly reliable access to space for DOD and the intelligence community. NSSL Program Today The U.S. Space Force, the sixth branch of the Armed Forces, is responsible for the military space launch mission. The NSSL program is managed by the Space Systems Command, located at Los Angeles Air Force Base. The NSSL program currently consists of four launch vehicles: Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy (both provided by ULA of Denver, CO) and Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy (both provided by SpaceX of Hawthorne, CA). NSS launches support the Space Force, Navy, and NRO. More specifically, the Atlas V has launched commercial, civil, and NSS satellites into orbit, including commercial and military communications satellites, lunar and other planetary orbiters and probes, earth observation and military research satellites, weather satellites, missile warning and NRO reconnaissance satellites, a tracking and data relay satellite, and the X-37B space plane (a military orbital test vehicle). The Delta IV has launched commercial

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