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1 1 (February 4, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/goveffp0001 and id is 1 raw text is: SCongressional ~.Research Service Tsunamis: Background and Introduction to Detection, Forecasts, and Warnings February 4, 2022 Background Tsunamis are a series of extremely long waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of water in a large waterbody, such as the ocean or an inland sea. That displacement can be caused by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions, certain types of weather, and impacts from celestial objects such as asteroids. Most tsunamis are the direct result of earthquakes or of landslides caused by earthquakes. Tsunamis radiate from the point of initial displacement and move across the waterbody. When tsunamis reach a coastline, they grow in wave height due to the shallowing waters, sometimes causing coastal and inland flooding, destruction of infrastructure, injuries, and fatalities. Certain coastal locations are especially vulnerable to tsunamis due to their proximity to tsunami sources, the depth and characteristics of the waterbody bottom, and the topography and elevation of land near the coast. Large displacements may cause tsunami impacts around the world; for example, the January 15, 2022, underwater volcanic eruption in Tonga, a Pacific Island country, triggered a risk of tsunami impacts along parts of coastlines in U.S. Pacific territories, Hawaii, and the West Coast, among locations in other countries. Detection, Forecasting, and Warnings Congress has directed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to establish and operate a Tsunami Program focused on detection, forecasting, warnings, research, notification, outreach, and mitigation, as well as data collection and archiving, in consultation with federal and nonfederal partners (33 U.S.C. @@3201-3208). Among other responsibilities, Congress instructed NOAA's National Weather Service, in conjunction with other NOAA line offices, to administer the program and provide tsunami detection, forecasting, and warnings for the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Ocean regions, including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. To do so, the Tsunami Program maintains marine instrumentation, such as Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys, two warning centers, and a tsunami warning system. It also supports other tsunami-related activities at NOAA and its partners. Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov IN11849 CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

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