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Rapidly Growing Buy Now, Pay Later
(BNPL) Financing: Market Developments and
Policy Issues
Updated November 1, 2021
Buy now, pay later (BNPL) is a form of point-of-sales financing. With BNPL financing, a consumer can
purchase an item now and pay for it later on an agreed upon payment schedule. BNPL financing is often
offered online and has generally been developed by technology-focused, nonbank financial companies,
often characterized as fintech companies.
BNPL financing has been growing rapidly in recent years. Reports suggest that BNPL financing may have
tripled in 2020 compared to the prior year. A consulting firm estimates that BNPL balances grew by 24%
from 2016 to 2019 and are expected to grow around 20% annually for the next three years.
This Insight discusses the BNPL financing market and potential policy issues in this market. The House
Financial Services committee is holding a hearing on this and other related topics on November 2, 2021.
Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) Financing Market
BNPL financing allows consumers to pay for purchases in payments over time, generally without
accruing interest. For example, some BNPL financing services may require four installment payments
(Pay in 4) in two-week intervals; other services may have regular payments over a shorter six-week
period.
BNPL financing aims to help consumers with their personal cash flow. Compared to other traditional
financial products, BNPL financing is often lower cost and more flexible. BNPL financing may be
attractive to thin credit file and younger consumers who may not qualify for traditional credit cards.
Consumers may use BNPL financing through a merchant that embeds it as a payment option in the
checkout process or directly on BNPL companies' platforms. BNPL companies determine consumer
terms through a soft credit check and a consumer's past performance on the platform.
While BNPL companies generally do not charge interest or fees at time of purchase, they charge a late fee
if a customer does not make payment on time. BNPL financing services earn most of their revenue by
charging merchants, who are willing to pay to attract new consumers to their merchandise. While some
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11784
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress

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