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1 1 (September 25, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govdbzm0001 and id is 1 raw text is: 01; F ie sea.rch & The World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995, following the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements, and today includes 164 members. It succeeded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created as part of the post-WWII effort to build a stable, open international trading system. The WTO has three basic functions: (1) administering existing agreements; (2) serving as a negotiating forum for new trade liberalization and rules; and (3) providing a mechanism to settle disputes. The multiple WTO agreements cover trade in goods, services, and agriculture; remove tariff and nontariff barriers; and establish rules on government practices that directly relate to trade for example, trade remedies, technical barriers to trade (TBT), intellectual property rights (IPR), and government procurement (Table 1). The agreements are based on the principles of nondiscrimination among countries most- favored nation (MFN) treatment, national treatment, fair competition, and transparency of trade rules and regulations. Some exceptions, however, such as preferential treatment for developing countries and regional and bilateral trade agreements outside the WTO, are allowed. The GATT/WTO system over time has led to a significant reduction of trade barriers, supported trade expansion and economic growth, and helped manage trade frictions. At the same time, the WTO faces serious challenges, some long- standing and some emerging more recently. One fundamental concern is that the WTO could lose relevance due to its inability to adapt to the modern global economy by its failure to negotiate a successful round of major trade liberalization since 1994. This and other concerns have led several members to propose reforms to the institution in attempts to safeguard and improve it. In 2020, members also face selecting a new Director-General (DG) to usher the trading system through these challenges, following DG Roberto Azevdo's early resignation in August. Congress has recognized the WTO as the foundation of the global trading system within U.S. trade statutes and plays a legislative and oversight role over WTO agreements. Some Members have expressed support for WTO reform efforts and U.S. leadership; while others have introduced joint resolutions to withdraw congressional approval of WTO agreements. As debates over the WTO's future intensify, several issues may be of interest to Congress, including WTO agreements' effects on the U.S. economy, the outcomes of ongoing reform and negotiation efforts, and the value of U.S. membership and leadership. The Doha Development Agenda, the latest round of multilateral trade negotiations, was launched in 2001 but ended in stalemate, with no clear path forward. The WTO's large and diverse membership and the single undertaking Updated September 25, 2020 approach made consensus on the broad Doha mandate difficult. The negotiations were characterized by persistent differences among the United States, European Union (EU), and developing countries on major issues, such as agriculture, industrial tariffs and nontariff barriers, services, and trade remedies. Developing countries sought the reduction of agriculture tariffs and subsidies by developed countries, nonreciprocal market access for manufacturing sectors, and protection for services industries. In contrast, developed countries sought reciprocal trade liberalization, especially commercially meaningful access to advanced developing countries' industrial and services sectors, while retaining some protection for their own agricultural sectors. Agriculture, where multilateral solutions arguably remain ideal, remains among the thorniest issues on the agenda leftover from Doha. In 2015, members agreed to limited deals, including on phasing out export subsidies, minimizing impacts of food aid on local markets, and several measures for least developed countries. The lasting legacy of Doha may be the successful negotiation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), which entered into force in early 2017 and aims to remove customs obstacles and inefficiencies at the border. At the most recent WTO Ministerial Conference in 2017, no major deliverables were announced, leaving the stakes high for the next meeting. In 2020, members were forced to postpone the 12th Ministerial (MC12) to 2021 due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. MC12 was widely anticipated as an action-forcing event for the WTO. Members have committed to make significant progress on ongoing talks, including on fisheries subsidies, and advancing e-commerce and other areas. Table I. GATTIWTO Rounds Year Name Subjects covered Countries 1947- Geneva, 5 rounds of tariff reductions 23 (1947) 1961 Annecy, 26 (1961) Torqua- y, Geneva 11, Dillon 1964- Kennedy Tariffs andt An-itiduimipin g mieasures 62 1967 1973- Tokyo Tariffs, antidumiping, suibsidies, TBT 102 1979 governmient procur-em-ent 1986- Uru_1guay Tariffs, nonta-,riff mieasuires, rules, 123 1994 services, IPR, disputte settlement, textiles, agriclture, WTO institution 2001- Doha, Tariffs, nontariff mieasures, agricul1ture, 142 (2001); 201 5 ser-vices, trade faicilitation, trade 164 remedies, and developm~ent (current) Source: WTO. p\w -- , gn'a', goo mppm qq\ a , q 's I 11LULANJILiN,

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