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1 1 (April 6, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govcqyw0001 and id is 1 raw text is: FF. ' riE S-' $. h ,i . , April 6, 2020 Defense Capabilities: Joint All Domain Command and Control The increased speed and reach of war combined with an exponential growth in available data led the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (CSAF) to advocate in the Air Force's congressional budget request for an enhanced command and control (C2) system that would improve situational awareness, rapid decisionmaking, and the ability to direct forces across multiple domains (air, space, cyber, land, sea). The CSAF originally called this concept Multi-Domain Command and Control (MDC2), a term that has since evolved into a Department of Defense (DOD) initiative called Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2). The Air Force asserts that pre-information age technologies facilitating today's C2, which the DOD defines as the exercising of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned or attached forces, are not optimized for future highly contested conflicts. According to Air Force officials, commanders executing C2 in today's conflicts do so by exchanging data through manpower-intensive procedures and technologically limited systems, all of which typically focus on a single domain. This affects a commander's situational awareness, speed of decisionmaking, and action by forces, therefore limiting the rapid and continuous integration of capabilities across multiple domains. To explain JADC2, DOD makes an analogy with the ride- sharing service Uber. The Uber application calculates a user's geographic position and the position of available drivers. It transmits information over a cellular or Wi-Fi network and matches the customer to the ride through artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. The user's screen provides situational awareness of his or her position, identifies features in the vicinity, the location of the driver, supports data exchanges, and can coordinate multiple responses and riders in the same car. The military services contend that enhancing old processes and capabilities is insufficient. Each service is advocating for this type of advanced technology to support operations in a highly contested fight, ensuring not just cars, but aircraft, munitions, satellites, ships, submarines, tanks, and people are at the right place at the right time prosecuting the right target with the right effects, in seconds. hy, ,., J -,,, The U.S. military contends that future conflicts within a sophisticated, highly contested, anti-access/area denial environment will be won by the side with an information advantage, enabling the ability to outpace, outthink, and outmaneuver adversaries across multiple domains. To maintain its information advantage and dominate this new battlefield, the U.S. military is reportedly adopting a network-centric approach (connecting every sensor with every shooter) in an attempt to move data at machine speed and execute joint all domain operations (JADO) in order to overwhelm an adversary by attacking them from all domains. source: LU I[ Air, bpace, and Lyber Lonterence. JADO provides commanders access to information to allow numerous options for simultaneous and sequential operations using surprise and the rapid and continuous integration of capabilities across all domains to try to gain physical and psychological advantages and influence and control over the operational environment. The Air Force asserts that aging C2 capabilities (Air & Space Operation Centers, E-8C Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System, and E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System) are not optimized for the speed, complexity, and lethality of future conflict; that the decades-old platforms cannot adequately leverage new technology; and that the supporting structures to enable future C2 either do not exist or require maturation. The CSAF reasons that a JADC2 architecture would enable commanders to (1) understand the battlespace more rapidly, (2) direct forces faster than the enemy, and (3) deliver synchronized combat effects across multiple domains. Some analysts take a more skeptical approach to JADC2. They raise questions about the technology itself, whether it is affordable, and whether it is realistic to field a network that can securely and reliably connect sensors to shooters and support command and control in a lethal, electronic warfare-rich environment. Others question who would have decisionmaking authority across domains in JADO and question the human role in making JADC2 decisions in real time. DOD. DOD) i', leading a Joint Cross -Iunctional Team to explore JADC2 as the concept rapidly evolves. The team p\w -- , gn'a', goo mppm qq\ a , q 'S I 11LULANJILiN,

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