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1 1 (February 12, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govcadk0001 and id is 1 raw text is: The Internet of Things (IoT): An Overview The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated devices connected to a network and/or to one another, exchanging data without necessarily requiring human-to- machine interaction. In other words, IoT is a collection of electronic devices that can share information among themselves. Examples include smart factories, smart home devices, medical monitoring devices, wearable fitness trackers, smart city infrastructures, and vehicular telematics. Potential issues for Congress include regulation, digital privacy, and data security as discussed below. JoT devices are often called smart devices because they have sensors and can conduct complex data analytics. JoT devices collect data using sensors and offer services to the user based on the analyses of that data and according to user-defined parameters. For example, a smart refrigerator uses sensors (e.g., cameras) to inventory stored items and can alert the user when items run low based on image recognition analyses. Sophisticated JoT devices can learn by recognizing patterns in user preferences and historical use data. An JoT device can become smarter as its program adjusts to improve its prediction capability so as to enhance user experiences or utility. IoT devices are connected to the internet: directly, through another JoT device, or both. Network connections are used for sharing information and interacting with users. The JoT creates linkages and connections between physical devices by incorporating software applications. JoT devices can enable users to access information or control devices from anywhere using a variety of internet-connected devices. For example, a smart doorbell and lock may allow a user to see and interact with the person at the door and unlock the door from anywhere using a mobile device or computer. JoT devices are used in different fields for a broad range of functions. This section describes select JoT categories of frequent congressional interest. Industrial Internet of Things (IoT): The manufacturing industry has begun to adopt commercial IoT applications. Referred to as industrial Internet of Things (IoT), networked machines in a production facility can communicate and share information with the goals of improving efficiency, productivity, and performance. The application of IoT can vary significantly, from detecting corrosion inside a refinery pipe to providing real-time production data. Currently in North America, there are more consumer IoT connections than IoT connections, but this may change in the future. IoT has the potential to transform a variety of industries, including manufacturing, chemicals, food and beverage, automotive, and steel. The - mmm, go mppm qq\ , q I aS 11LULANJILiN, Updated February 12, 2020 incorporation of IoT and analytics is viewed by experts as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or 41R. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): The health care field has begun incorporating IoT, creating the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). These devices, such as heart monitors and pace makers, collect and send patient health statistics over various networks to health care providers for monitoring, analysis, and remote configuration. At a personal health level, wearable JoT devices, such as fitness trackers and smart watches, can track a user's physical activities, basic vital data, and sleeping patterns. According to a 2019 survey by Pew Research, about one-in-five Americans uses a smart watch or fitness tracker. Smart Cities: JoT devices and systems in the utilities, transportation, and infrastructure sectors may be grouped under the category of smart city. Utilities can use JoT to create smart grids and meters for electricity, water, and gas, where sensors collect and share customer usage data. This data is used to enable the central control system to optimize production and distribution to meet demand in real time. Cities can use transportation IoT for fare readers and status trackers or locaters that interface across all public transportation platforms. For example, Columbus, Ohio's winning proposal for the Department of Transportation's 2016 Smart City Challenge incorporated connected infrastructure that interacts with vehicles (including electric autonomous vehicles and shuttles), as well as a common payment and trip planning system across multiple transit systems. Smart Homes: Consumer IoT devices used in homes and buildings are often grouped under the smart home category, including smart appliances, smart TVs, smart entertainment systems, smart thermostats, and network- connected light bulbs, outlets, door locks, door bells, and home security systems. These smart home JoT devices can be connected to a single network and controlled remotely over the internet via a mobile device or computer. The market research firm JoT Analytics predicts the number of active JoT devices will grow from 9.9 billion in 2019 to 21.5 billion in 2025. While non-JoT device connections will also continue to increase, IoT devices will be about two- thirds of those connections by 2025, up from about one- third in 2019 (Figure 1). K~:>

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