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1 1 (January 29, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govbhwv0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Researh Sevice Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Affected Trade Updated January 29, 2020 The trade practices of U.S. trading partners and the U.S. trade deficit are a focus of the Trump Administration. Citing these and other concerns, the President has imposed tariff increases under three U.S. laws: * (1) Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 on U.S. imports of washing machines and solar products, due to concerns over their injurious effects on domestic U.S. industry; * (2) Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 on U.S. imports of steel and aluminum, and potentially motor vehicles and titanium sponge, due to concerns that imports threaten to impair the national security; and * (3) Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 on U.S. imports from China, due to concerns over intellectual property rights and other practices, on U.S. imports from the European Union (EU) due to concerns over subsidies on the manufacture of large civil aircraft, and potentially on U.S. imports from France due to concerns over its digital services tax (DST). In May 2019, in response to concerns over immigration, the President also proposed an additional 50 tariff on imports friom Mexico under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), but subsequently suspended such action. This product focuses on unilateral U.S. tariff actions, and does not include Section 301 tariffs related to the large civil aircraft dispute with the EU, which were authorized by a WTO dispute settlement panel. For a timeline of recent actions, see CRS Insight 1N10943, Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Timeline. The Administration has stated that it is using existing and proposed tariffs for a range of purposes, including as leverage for trade negotiations. While tariffs may benefit some import- competing firms, they also increase costs for downstream users of imported products and consumers, and may have broader negative economic effects and other policy implications. The multiple tariff increases to date, ranging from 10% to 45%, affect approximately 16% of U.S. annual imports. This amounts to $396.4 billion of imports (2018 data), with Section 301 tariffs on U.S. imports from China accounting for more than 90% of the trade affected (Figure 1). While the Administration has taken some steps to reduce the scale of imports affected (i.e., by exempting Canada and Mexico from the steel and aluminum duties and excluding certain products), the general trend has been an escalation of tariff actions. For example, in May 2019, the Administration increased Section 301 tariffs on nearly $200 billion of imports from China (stage 3), from 15% to 25%, and in September, imposed new tariffs of 15% Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov IN10971 CRS NS GHT Prepaimed for Mernbei-s and Com mittees 4 o. C- --q . . . . . . . . . . . ..---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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