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1 1 (January 29, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govbhwt0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Researh Sevice Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Timeline Updated January 29, 2020 The trade practices of U.S. trading partners and the U.S. trade deficit are a focus of the Trump Administration. Citing these and other concerns, the President has imposed tariff increases under three U.S. laws: * (1) Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Table 1) on U.S. imports of washing machines and solar products due to concerns over their injurious effects on domestic U.S. industry; * (2) Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Table 2) on U.S. imports of steel and aluminum, and potentially motor vehicles/parts and titanium sponge due to concerns that imports threaten to impair the national security; and * (3) Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 on U.S. imports from China (Table 3) due to concerns over its intellectual property rights practices, from the European Union (EU) due to concerns over subsidies on the manufacture of large civil aircraft, and potentially on U.S. imports from France (Table 4) due to concerns over its digital services tax (DST). Congress delegated aspects of its constitutional authority to regulate foreign commerce to the President through these trade laws. These authorities allow the President, based on agency investigations, to take various actions, including imposing import restrictions to address specific concerns (see text box). They have been used infrequently in the past two decades, in part due to the 1995 creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its enforceable dispute settlement system. Prior to this Administration, U.S. import restrictions were last imposed under these trade laws in 1986 for Section 232, in 2009 for Section 301, and in 2002 for Section 201. The President also proposed increasing tariffs on imports from Mexico using authorities delegated by Congress under the international Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), but they were subsequently suspended. The tables below focus on U.S. unilateral tariff actions and do not include Section 301 tariffs related to the large civil aircraft dispute with the EI, which were authorized by a WTO dispute settlement panel. For information on retaliatory tariffs by U.S. trading partners, see CRS Insight IN10971, Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Affected Trade. Increasing U.S. tariffs or imposing other import restrictions through these laws potentially opens the United States to complaints that it is violating its WTO and free trade agreement (FTA) commitments. Several U.S. trading partners, including China and the European ITnion, have initiated dispute settlement proceedings and responded with retaliatory tariffs. The retaliatory actions also raise questions with regard to their adherence to WTO commitments, which the United States has raised. Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov IN10943

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