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1 1 (January 6, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govbevx0001 and id is 1 raw text is: FF.ri E.$~ & Updated January 6, 2020 Introduction to Financial Services: Accounting and Auditing Regulatory Structure, U.S. and International This In Focus provides an overview of how accounting and auditing standards are created and regulated in the private sector, the federal government, and state and local governments. Different accounting and auditing standards evolved in the private and public sector to address the specific needs of their respective stakeholders. This In Focus also discusses two policy issues that might be of interest to Congress and investors. The private sector includes public and private companies as well as not-for-profit organizations. The accounting and auditing standards created for publicly traded firms are subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) oversight. Federal securities laws require public companies, both domestic and foreign, to share critical information about their performance on an ongoing basis with investors, regulators, and other stakeholders. They are required to submit annual reports providing a comprehensive overview of the firm's performance; this includes the audited financial statements of the firm. Accounting. Throughout its history, the SEC has relied on the private sector to establish and develop Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States. GAAP is a common set of principles and practices to measure and report the economic activities of an organization. Currently, the SEC recognizes the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) as the designated organization for establishing GAAP for the private sector. Auditing. Private- or public-sector stakeholders need to have reasonable assurance that the financial statements of an entity are free of material misstatement whether caused by error or fraud. In the private sector, independent assurance to shareholders and other stakeholders is provided by a qualified external party an auditor. The auditor is engaged to give an unbiased professional opinion on whether the financial statements and related disclosures are fairly stated in all material respects for a given period of time in accordance with GAAP. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) provides standards of practice on how an audit should be conducted. Congress created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) as a self-regulatory organization to provide independent oversight of audits of public companies in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 204). The PCAOB also oversees the audits of brokers and dealers, including compliance reports. The SEC has oversight authority over the PCAOB and must approve the board's rules, standards, and budget. Material misstatement in financial reporting can be defined as information on a financial statement that could potentially affect the investment decision or the conclusions drawn by a reader about the financial status of the firm. The financial statements of the U.S. government and its agencies provide taxpayers and Congress a comprehensive view of how the government manages tax revenue and how effective the federal government is at providing services. The Financial Report of the United States Government serves the same basic purpose as the annual report issued by a publicly traded company to its investors. Accounting. The accounting standards established by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) are considered Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for federal financial reporting entities. FASAB was created by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), Department of the Treasury, and the Office of Management and Budget. Auditing. The financial statements of federal agencies and the U.S. government are audited by inspectors general, independent accounting firms, or GAO. GAO is an independent, nonpartisan agency of Congress. GAO issues the Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS), also commonly known as the Yellow Book, which provides a framework for conducting audits. Some audit organizations within the federal government use a hybrid method of external and internal auditors. Stzt * Local ~(**''~~ The Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) issued by a state or local jurisdiction serves the same purpose as the annual report issued by a publicly traded company to its investors. States and territories have the flexibility to choose the accounting and auditing standards that suit their needs. Accounting. The voluntary standard-setting body for state and local governments' accounting standards is the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). While the SEC requires publicly traded companies to follow the accounting standards created by FASB, state and municipal gognpo 'popmm- , goo g , q 'S a X 11LULANJILiN,

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