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              Congressional
              SResearch Service






Section 232 Investigation: Uranium Imports



July  15, 2019
On July, 12, 2019, President Trump declined to impose quotas or other trade measures on imports of
uranium materials under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. § 1862). The
President did not concur with the U.S. Department of Commerce's (Commerce's) findings that uranium
imports threaten to impair the national security of the United States as defined under section 232. As part
of his decision, the President established a Nuclear Fuel Working Group to examine the current state of
domestic nuclear fuel production to reinvigorate the entire nuclear fuel supply chain, and report to the
President within 90 days. The Commerce report has not been published.


Uranium Section 232 Investigation

On January 16, 2018, two U.S. domestic uranium mining and milling companies petitioned Commerce to
investigate whether uranium imports from foreign state-owned enterprises pose a threat to national
security. Section 232 provides the President with the ability to impose restrictions on certain imports
based on an affirmative determination by Commerce that the product under investigation is being
imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the
national security. (For more information, see CRS Report R45249, Section 232 Investigations: Overview
and Issues for Congress.)
The investigation into uranium imports sparked a debate between uranium producers, uranium mine and
mill operators, and electric power utilities, nuclear reactor operators, and other suppliers. Uranium
producers asserted that a heavy reliance on foreign uranium constitutes a national security risk and
threatens the viability of domestic uranium production. Conversely, nuclear utilities and reactor operators
asserted that increased fuel costs from trade restrictions would impose additional financial burdens,
potentially causing the premature shutdown of economically marginal nuclear power plants. Stakeholders
on both sides of the debate generally agreed that the proposed quotas would increase fuel costs for nuclear
reactor operators and increase revenues for domestic uranium mining.


Background

Nuclear power contributes roughly 20% of the electrical generation in the United States. Uranium is the
fundamental element in fuel used for nuclear power production. The front-end of the nuclear fuel cycle
considers the portion of the nuclear fuel cycle leading up to electrical power production in a nuclear
                                                                 Congressional Research Service
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