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1 [1] (December 30, 2016)

handle is hein.crs/crsmthmbbzx0001 and id is 1 raw text is: M1Congressional Researh Serce hfInorm j the legislive debate since 1914 0 December 30, 2016 Defense Primer: Intelligence Support to Military Operations The U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) is a collection of organizations charged with providing intelligence that is timely, objective, independent of political considerations, and based upon all sources available to the intelligence community to decision makers in the national security policy process. According to IC expert Mark Lowenthal, intelligence refers to information that meets the needs of decision makers and has been collected, processed and narrowed to meet those needs. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) serves as community manager and the principal intelligence advisor to the President. The bulk of the IC resides within the Department of Defense (DOD)-to include the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency (NGA), National Security Agency (NSA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and the intelligence components of the military services. Non-DOD elements include the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and intelligence entities within the Departments of Energy, Homeland Security, Justice, State, and Treasury. The core mission of the DNI is to lead the IC as a whole in intelligence integration to ensure it operates as one team. Organizations such as CIA integrate intelligence from all sources into national intelligence in support of the national- level policy process while organizations such as DIA focus more on integrating service-specific intelligence into defense intelligence for the warfighter. Furthermore, joint intelligence elements exist within the DOD to provide a common, coordinated picture for military commanders by fusing national and theater intelligence information into all- source assessments and estimates. The DOD intelligence elements are managed by the Under Secretary of Defense (Intelligence). The USD(I) position is dual-hatted. When acting as the USD(I), the incumbent reports directly to the Secretary of Defense and serves as the Secretary's principal staff assistant regarding intelligence, counterintelligence, security, and other intelligence-related matters. When acting as Deputy Director for Intelligence, the incumbent reports directly to the DNI and serves as his principal advisor regarding defense intelligence matters. Together, the DNI and USD(I) coordinate a number of interagency activities designed to facilitate the seamless integration of national-level and tactical-level intelligence. Customers: Strategic and Tactcal-Level Decision makers in need of intelligence are thought of as customers-the President, National Security Council (NSC), heads of departments and agencies of the executive branch, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, senior military commanders, Members of Congress, and others as the DNI determines appropriate. Types of Military Operations The IC supports the entire spectrum of DOD missions, from peacetime operations to full-scale war. Joint Publication 2- 0, Joint Intelligence, loosely groups DOD missions under these three headings: * Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence: Examples include military exchanges; arms control verification; sanction enforcement; protection of shipping lanes; shows of force; and support to insurgency and counterinsurgency operations. * Crisis Response & Limited Contingency Operations Examples include noncombatant evacuation operations; peace operations; humanitarian assistance; recovery operations; and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear response actions. * Major Military Operations and Campaigns These types of operations include U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The examples listed above (associated with more limited operations-such as humanitarian assistance) may also occur within this category as part of a larger military operation. Intelligence Support Figure 1 summarizes ways in which intelligence can help commanders to decide which forces to deploy; when, how, and where to deploy them; and how to employ them in a manner that accomplishes the mission. Figure I. Roles & Responsibilities of Intelligence to Military Operations Source: Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence, Figure 1-2, p. 1-3. Intelligence to inform the commander may include information about actual and potential threats, terrain, climate and weather, infrastructure, cultural characteristics, medical conditions, population, and leadership. Intelligence that describes the operational environment helps to identify and characterize variables such as political backdrops, military tactics/procedures, economic strength, social stability, information flow, and physical setting. Intelligence to identify, define, and nominate objectives includes developing an understanding of the commander's www crs gov 17-5700

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