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666 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 7 (2016)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0666 and id is 1 raw text is: Twenty-First- Century Globalization and Illegal Migration By KATHARINE M. DONATO and DOUGLAS S. MASSEY Also labeled undocumented, irregular, and unauthor- ized migration, illegal migration places immigrants in tenuous legal circumstances with limited rights and protections. We argue that illegal migration emerged as a structural feature of the second era of capitalist glo- balization, which emerged in the late twentieth century and was characterized by international market integra- tion. Unlike the first era of capitalist globalization (1800 to 1929), the second era sees countries limiting and controlling international migration and creating a global economy in which all markets are globalized except for labor and human capital, giving rise to the relatively new phenomenon of illegal migration. Yet despite rampant inequalities in wealth and income between nations, only 3.1 percent of all people lived outside their country of birth in 2010. We expect this to change: threat evasion is replacing opportunity seeking as a motivation for international migration because of climate change and rising levels of civil violence in the world's poorer nations. The potential for illegal migra- tion is thus greater now than in the past, and more nations will be forced to grapple with growing popula- tions in liminal legal statuses. Keywords: illegal migration; globalization; unauthor- ized migration; undocumented migration; climate change; violence M igration is a fundamental means of human adaption, commonly used both to avoid risks and access opportunities. Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa about 150,000 years ago and through migration settled the entire globe within a very short span of geological time, reaching East Asia and Australia about 50,000 years ago, Northern Europe about 40,000 years ago, the Americas about 12,000 years ago, and Katharine M. Donato is a professor of sociology at Vanderbilt University. Her recent work examines the effects of environmental stress on out-migration from villages in southwestern Bangladesh. In 2015, she published (with Donna Gabaccia) Gender and International Migration: From the Slavery Era to the Global Age (Russell Sage Foundation). Correspondence: Katharine. donato@vanderbilt.edu DOI: 10.1177/0002716216653563 ANNALS, AAPSS, 666, July 2016

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