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502 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 9 (1989)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0502 and id is 1 raw text is: PREFACE The military and universities: two great institutions of contemporary America; how are they related? In the past half century, they have both become vastly more important and powerful in the life of the United States. Because of the densely technical character of the American economy and life-style, higher education has become the sine qua non of ready entry and full participation. The requirements of science and technology include advanced education of scientists and engineers. So enrollments in universities have increased enormously since World War II. Universi- ties, with their aggregates of talent and their control of credentials, occupy a crucial position in this nation. The military equally has become a major element of the American scene. The military budget continues to consume a significant proportion of the gross national product, providing employment to millions as soldiers and sailors, civilian officials and defense contractors. In the world since 1945, profoundly influenced by the United States, the strategic role of the American military is obvious. So it is also the case that the military occupies a crucial position in the life of contemporary America. It is not a surprise that these two segments of our pluralistic land are interrelated in important ways. Fundamental in this interrelationship is the military's dependence upon elaborate and sophisticated technologies to structure its forces and enhance the relatively tight supply of manpower with vast and effective firepower. Thus scientific research, technical advance, and system development are central. A large part of the nation's scientists and research engineers are to be found in the labs, offices, and classrooms of universities, and the military services have consistently relied upon the university community to meet its needs. Universities also produce the people- engineers, scientists, and managers-who fill positions in the services, the Department of Defense (DoD), and the defense industry. The military is in part a vast educational institution, training men and women in the broad range of skills and disciplines appropriate to the complex needs of these times. It includes an extensive higher-education element. The three service academies educate as undergraduates the heart of the professional officer corps. They also support a number of graduate-level institutions as well as specialized advanced training facilities throughout the country. On civilian campuses, the services sustain the voluntary Reserve Officers' Training Corps, which teaches undergraduates military science and produces career officers as well as officers for temporary duty and reserve strength. In addition, many men and women in military service are placed in universities to pursue advanced degrees. Educational support is an important benefit for service men and women and, of course, since World War II, for war veterans. Clearly, the military values education and the academic establishment. Whatever the conflicts, this aspect of the university-military relationship persists. In some form, it is historically stable, finding its basis in the Land-Grant College Act of 1862. It is also linked to the other important aspect, scientific research. The combination of research and graduate education that is characteristic of American universities means that 9

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