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377 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 1 (1968)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0377 and id is 1 raw text is: The Rise and Growth of Swedish Institutions for Defending the Citizen against Official Wrongs By BERTIL WENNERGREN ABSTRACT: In Sweden, the rule of law was recognized more than a thousand years ago. Swedish law has its roots in Germanic law. The country has had the privilege of develop- ing its legal institutions in a relatively undisturbed, although, of course, not uninfluenced, way. The development has there- fore been extraordinarily continuous. With regard to institu- tions for defending the citizen against official wrongs, the king comes into focus in his role of guardian of the law. But institutions to which this function was delegated-royal courts, royal officials, and the like-also demand attention. The potentiality of local courts to protect citizens must not be forgotten, nor the control of bureaucracy that parliament, the Riksdag, developed. Here the system of document pub- licity, as well as the office of the Ombudsman enter the pic- ture. It should be kept in mind that control of bureaucracy is built upon the fact that Swedish officials have, for a long time, performed their duties under a severe penal responsi- bility. In order to provide a background to later articles in this volume of THE ANNALS, special attention is paid to institutions related to the institution of the Ombudsman. Bertil Wennergren is the Ombudsman's Chief of Office in Stockholm. He passed his legal examination in Uppsala in 1949, and was Assistant Judge of the Audit Court before he became, in 1954, Secretary of the Royal Commission on Administrative Pro- cedure. In 1964-1966, he served as expert on administrative law in the Ministry of Justice. He is author or coauthor of books and articles on taxation and administrative law.

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