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267 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. vii (1950)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0267 and id is 1 raw text is: FOREWORD THE first American military occupation is said to have begun when Colonel George Rogers Clark surprised the garrison at Kaskaskia during the night of July 4, 1778. The ensuing military government was so successful that some of the French inhabitants of the region were persuaded to join as cobelligerents with the invaders. Col. Clark operated tactfully through local authorities, held his troops under strict control, and established useful precedents. Among the many Ameri- can belligerent occupations since 1778, General Winfield Scott, as Military Gov- ernor of Mexico City seventy years later, inaugurated a regime which might equally well have served as precedent for many of the procedures rediscovered under stress of combat conditions during World War II. American military government aroused little interest between wars, however, and was, by 1941, largely forgotten. The United States had renounced territorial aggrandizement as a war objective, and no other reason for belligerent occupation (other than to collect reparations or restore order) had then been clearly imagined. War plans, therefore, had no military government annexes, and during the period from 1941 to 1943, when oc- cupation policies were being anticipated and plans for military government train- ing programs were being drafted, all that remained of American experience was a small, recently completed field manual and a four-volume record of post-armistice occupation in World War I. The Second World War brought a rich harvest of experience and a vast record of military government operations all over the world. It will be many years be- fore all that has been learned will be clearly analyzed and fully understood. In the meantime, military government has become a focal point of much bitter con- troversy. Intimately related to United States foreign policy during and after the war, fraught with the perplexing problems of how to deal with cobelligerents, liberated countries, and conquered enemies, the deeds of Allied military govern- ment have been highly praised and roundly denounced. In this welter of con- flicting opinion, the social scientist and the practitioner of the art of government have often searched in vain for sound factual reporting, and securely anchored analysis in terms of established scientific principles. THE ANNALS offers these papers in the hope that they will be a contribution toward the much-needed clarification of the issues military government presents to the student of political and social science. Most of the Americans who participated in wartime overseas administration have now returned to civilian life, and it is for these to show how the operation has suc- ceeded or failed thus far. Contributors to this volume have been chosen for the special points of view which they brought to their work as military government officers or advisers, for their special experiences during the war, and for their con- tinuing interest. No volume of this length could cover all the many aspects of human relations, social and political, specific and collective, which appear when military government aims and activities in World War II are carefully examined. The objective of this volume has been to add to the growing library of information about a politico-military phenomenon whose boundaries, as a science or a profes- sion, have not yet been defined. SYDNEY CONNOR CARL J. FRIEDRICH vii

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