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84 Tul. L. Rev. 469 (2009-2010)

handle is hein.journals/tulr84 and id is 473 raw text is: Congressional Consent Under the Compact Clause: Plugging the Leaks in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Margaret C. Hupp* The United States faces a potential turning point in the relationship between state and federal regulation of environmental issues. With the election of President Barack Obama, who has signaled a commitment to taking action in the area of carbon emissions regulation, the national government may step into an arena where the states am already playing, setting up a federaism debate to determine the better actor to enact meaningful and eflicient environmental protection. Effectiveness in this area depends on the balance between quick enactment to prevent increased emissions (and further harm) and the comprehensiveness required to address this national and global issue. This Comment examines the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative to illustrate how the use ofa seldom-examined constitutional tool-consent under the Compact Clause-could enable states to form efficient and effective regional regulatory schemes that could be meaningful unity within the greater system offedealism. I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 470 II. THE COMPACT CLAUSE ................................................................ 471 A. History of the Compact Clause ......................................... 471 B. Two Tests: U.S. Steel andCuyler ...................................... 474 III. THE REGIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE ........................... 478 A. Formation of the RGGI ..................................................... 478 B. The Leakage Problem ........................................................ 479 IV RGGI UNDER THE COMPACT CLAUSE ......................................... 481 A. Application of U.S. Steel andNortheast Bancorp ............ 481 B. Application ofCuyler ......................................................... 484 V FORM AND CONSEQUENCES OF CONGRESSIONAL CONSENT ...... 485 A. Benefits of Consent ........................................................... 485 B. Certainty and Leakage Controls ........................................ 488 C Consent Could Come in ManyForms .............................. 489 D Risks of Consent ................................................................ 494 V I. C ONCLUSION ................................................................................ 496 * © 2009 Margaret C. Hupp. J.D. candidate 2010, Tulane University School of Law; B.A. 2007, Georgetown University. I would like to thank Professor Keith Werhan for his helpful guidance and Theresa Hupp for her advice and support. 469

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