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15 U. Pa. J.L. & Soc. Change 285 (2011-2012)
The Eighth Amendment Evolves: Defining Cruel and Unusual Punishment through the Lens of Childhood and Adolescence

handle is hein.journals/hybrid15 and id is 293 raw text is: THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT EVOLVES: DEFINING CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT THROUGH THE LENS OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MARSHA LEVICK, JESSICA FEIERMAN, SHARON MESSENHEIMER KELLEY, NAOMI E. S. GOLDSTEIN, KACEY MORDECAI* INTRODUCTION: LOOKING BACKWARDS, LOOKING FORWARD................... 286 I. DEVELOPMENTAL IMMATURITY: RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENT D EV ELO PM EN T ............................................................................................................. 293 A . D ecision-M aking ....................................................................................................... 293 B . Im p ulsivity ................................................................................................................ 294 C . V ulnerability ............................................................................................................. 295 D. Transitory N ature of Adolescence ............................................................................. 297 E. Neurological Differences Between Youth and Adults .............................................. 298 II. GRAHAM V. FLORIDA AND ROPER V. SIMMONS: THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT EMBEDS ITS EIGHTH AMENDMENT ANALYSIS OF JUVENILE SENTENCES IN RESEARCH ..................................................................... 299 A. A New Look at Juvenile Sentencing ......................................................................... 300 B. A New Look at Juvenile Conditions of Confinement ............................................... 306 1. Problem s Facing Confined Youth ....................................................................... 307 2. The Adult Standard: A Tough Bar ...................................................................... 308 3. A N ew Juvenile Standard ................................................................................... 310 Assessing the Seriousness of the Harm in Juvenile Cases................... 312 Assessing Official Intent in Juvenile Cases ........................................................ 313 * Marsha L. Levick is the Deputy Director and Chief Counsel for the Juvenile Law Center, a national public interest law firm for children based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which Ms. Levick co-founded in 1975. Ms. Levick is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University School of Law, and is an adjunct faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University Law Schools. Ms. Levick acknowledges the generous support of the Tow Foundation in the preparation of this article. Jessica Feierrnan is a Supervising Attorney at Juvenile Law Center, and an adjunct faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University Law Schools. Ms. Feierman is a graduate of Wesleyan University and the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Sharon Messenheimer Kelley is a graduate student in the J.D./Ph.D. Program in Law and Psychology at Villanova University School of Law and Drexel University. Ms. Kelley is a graduate of St. Mary's College of Maryland. Naomi E. S. Goldstein, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Psychology at Drexel University and a member of the faculty of the J.D./Ph.D. Program in Law and Psychology. Dr. Goldstein is a graduate of Wesleyan University, obtained her doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and completed her clinical internship at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Kacey Mordecai is a Stoneleigh Fellow at the Juvenile Law Center and works on the Integrating International Human Rights Law in Juvenile Justice Jurisprudence project. Ms. Mordecai is a graduate of the University of Chicago and Georgetown University Law Center.

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